Question 1

Which functional group is responsible for making organic compounds hydrophilic and is commonly found in alcohols?

Accepted Answer

Hydroxyl group ($$-OH)$$

Question 2

A dehydration reaction is used to join two monomers. What is the chemical equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Monomer}_1 + 	ext{Monomer}_2 \rightarrow 	ext{Polymer} + H_2O$$

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between estradiol and testosterone, as shown in the images?

Accepted Answer

They differ only in the functional groups attached to their carbon skeleton.

Question 4

Which process breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 5

Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides. Which functional group distinguishes glucose (an aldose) from fructose (a ketose)?

Accepted Answer

Carbonyl group ($$\u003eC=O)$$

Question 6

Which polysaccharide is used by plants for energy storage and is composed entirely of glucose monomers?

Accepted Answer

Starch

Question 7

Why are lipids such as fats considered hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

They lack polar functional groups and consist mostly of hydrocarbon chains.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct equation for the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Amino acid}_1 + 	ext{Amino acid}_2 \rightarrow 	ext{Dipeptide} + H_2O$$

Question 9

A protein's tertiary structure is primarily stabilized by interactions between which parts of the amino acids?

Accepted Answer

R groups (side chains)

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why cotton towels are hydrophilic?

Accepted Answer

They are made of cellulose, which contains many hydroxyl groups.

Question 12

Which of the following is a major structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fats contain double bonds, causing kinks in their fatty acid chains.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of DNA bases?

Accepted Answer

Adenine pairs with thymine

Question 14

A mutation that deletes a nucleotide from a DNA sequence can result in:

Accepted Answer

A frameshift mutation, altering the reading frame of the mRNA

Question 15

Which of the following statements about malignant cells is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are clonal and can metastasize to other organs.

Question 16

Which gene type acts to suppress tumor formation and can be lost during carcinogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 17

Which of the following is a universal monomer used to build DNA?

Accepted Answer

Nucleotide

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of consuming high levels of saturated and trans fats?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of atherosclerosis due to higher cholesterol levels

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophilic heads face outward, hydrophobic tails face inward

Question 20

Which of the following is a plausible outcome of a mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene?

Accepted Answer

Loss of cell cycle regulation and increased risk of cancer

The Chemical Level of Organization: Molecules of Cells

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