Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood or extracellular fluid, while exocrine glands release their secretions via ducts to the outside of the body.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of weight gain, tiredness, and impaired mental function. Blood tests reveal low levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and is primarily involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 4

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble. What is the consequence of this solubility for their mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, directly affecting gene transcription.

Question 5

Which hormone is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose

Question 6

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between hormone concentration and receptor binding for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

$$ H + R \rightarrow HR $$

Question 7

A patient with hyperparathyroidism is likely to experience which of the following physiological effects?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood calcium levels and decreased bone calcium

Question 8

Which hormone is responsible for decreasing urine volume and increasing blood pressure, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the action of water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to receptors on the cell surface and activate second messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is involved in the stress response, promoting glucose production from fat and protein metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 11

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome is most likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight gain, increased body fat around chest and abdomen, depression, and muscle weakness

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and is responsible for stimulating repair and thickening of the endometrium?

Accepted Answer

Oestrogen

Question 13

Which of the following is a functional classification of hormones that target other endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Tropic hormones

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the thymus in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

Production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells) from thymocytes

Question 15

Which of the following equations represents the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, stimulated by glucagon?

Accepted Answer

$$ Glycogen \xrightarrow{Glucagon} Glucose $$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Question 17

Which hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bone

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and glycogen formation.

Question 19

Which of the following is a chemical classification of hormones that are mostly derived from cholesterol?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones

Question 20

Which of the following is a common sign of diabetes mellitus due to hypoactivity of insulin?

Accepted Answer

Polyuria (increased urine output)

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Disorders

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