Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid for transport by the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia. Which hormone is most likely being hypersecreted?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback loop regulating thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH (hypothalamus) → TSH (anterior pituitary) → T3/T4 (thyroid gland)

Question 4

A patient with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for which of the following life-threatening conditions due to the accumulation of ketone bodies?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis

Question 5

Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels and acts to inhibit osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why oral preparations of human growth hormone (hGH) are ineffective?

Accepted Answer

hGH is destroyed by acid and enzymatic reactions in the stomach.

Question 7

Which of the following is a direct effect of insulin on its target cells?

Accepted Answer

Promotes uptake of glucose, amino acids, and lipids

Question 8

A patient with Graves disease is likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and exophthalmos

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for hydrophobic steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They diffuse through the plasma membrane, bind to intracellular receptors, and alter gene transcription.

Question 10

Which hormone is produced by the heart and acts to decrease blood pressure by promoting vasodilation and natriuresis?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 11

A patient with a pituitary tumor secreting excess growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Accepted Answer

Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and increasing calcium absorption in the gut and kidneys

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows hypothalamic hormones to reach the anterior pituitary rapidly and in high concentrations.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct example of a hormone acting as an antagonist to another hormone?

Accepted Answer

Insulin and glucagon regulating blood glucose levels

Question 16

A patient is experiencing polyuria, polydipsia, and high blood glucose. Which hormone is most likely deficient or ineffective?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the effect of aldosterone on acid-base homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone increases hydrogen ion excretion in the kidneys, helping to maintain a slightly alkaline blood pH.

Question 18

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of erythrocytes in response to low blood oxygen levels?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of leptin on appetite?

Accepted Answer

Leptin induces satiety by acting on hypothalamic neurons, reducing food intake.

Question 20

During exercise, which hormones are primarily responsible for increasing the metabolic rate and ensuring the availability of metabolic fuels?

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines and glucagon

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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