Question 1

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and what is the significance of this alignment?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; it ensures each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Question 2

Which structure in the male reproductive system is responsible for producing testosterone, and what is its role in spermatogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Leydig cells; they stimulate spermatogenesis by producing androgens.

Question 3

What is the chromosomal composition of a human gamete after meiosis II, and how does this differ from a somatic cell?

Accepted Answer

Gamete: haploid (23); Somatic cell: diploid (46)

Question 4

Which hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation in the female reproductive cycle, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

LH; causes rupture of the mature follicle and release of the oocyte.

Question 5

A decline in which hormone directly leads to the shedding of the endometrial functional layer during menstruation?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone

Question 6

During spermatogenesis, what is the sequence of cell types from the initial diploid cell to the final haploid sperm?

Accepted Answer

Spermatogonium → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Sperm

Question 7

Which phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone?

Accepted Answer

Luteal phase

Question 8

What is the function of the acrosome in the sperm head, and why is it essential for fertilization?

Accepted Answer

It contains enzymes that break down the ovum's outer layer.

Question 9

Which muscle in the scrotum is responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin, and what is its physiological purpose?

Accepted Answer

Dartos muscle; regulates temperature by wrinkling skin.

Question 10

During oogenesis, when is meiosis II completed in the secondary oocyte?

Accepted Answer

After fertilization by a sperm

Question 11

Which structure in the female reproductive system is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Uterine (Fallopian) tube

Question 12

What is the primary function of the nurse (Sertoli) cells in the seminiferous tubules?

Accepted Answer

Support and nourish developing sperm cells

Question 13

Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection during lactation, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin; causes contraction of myoepithelial cells.

Question 14

What is the role of the corpus albicans in the ovarian cycle?

Accepted Answer

It is scar tissue from a degenerating corpus luteum.

Question 15

Which equation correctly represents the chromosome number in a diploid human cell?

Accepted Answer

$$2n = 46$$

Question 16

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, which hormone stimulates the rebuilding of the endometrium?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen

Question 17

Which process during meiosis increases genetic diversity in gametes?

Accepted Answer

Crossing-over

Question 18

What is the function of the fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

They help catch and move oocytes into the uterine tube.

Question 19

Which equation represents the number of chromosomes in a haploid gamete?

Accepted Answer

$$n = 23$$

Question 20

Which gland produces a thick alkaline mucus that neutralizes urinary acids and lubricates the penis?

Accepted Answer

Bulbourethral gland

The Reproductive System: Functional Anatomy and Physiology

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