Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 2

A patient presents with glucose in their urine (glucosuria). Which concept best explains this finding?

Accepted Answer

The renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded, saturating the carrier proteins.

Question 3

Which structure is responsible for the majority of water reabsorption in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = NHP - BCOP$$

Question 5

A drug that blocks the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) would have which effect on urine?

Accepted Answer

Increase urine volume and decrease urine osmolarity

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Accepted Answer

Regulates blood pressure and filtrate formation by releasing renin

Question 7

Which of the following pressures directly opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) during filtration?

Accepted Answer

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

Question 8

A patient with chronic hypertension is at risk for which change in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased GFR due to elevated glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of blood through the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → cortical radiate artery

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why proteins are not normally found in the urine of a healthy individual?

Accepted Answer

The filtration membrane restricts the passage of large molecules such as proteins.

Question 11

Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 12

Which of the following is a consequence of prolonged aldosterone stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Secretion

Question 14

Which of the following best describes countercurrent multiplication in the nephron loop?

Accepted Answer

It creates an osmotic gradient in the medulla by exchanging solutes and water between the ascending and descending limbs.

Question 15

A patient is given a drug that constricts the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus. What is the most likely effect on GFR?

Accepted Answer

GFR will decrease due to reduced glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Question 16

Which of the following is a characteristic of the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

It makes final adjustments to the composition of urine and is responsive to ADH.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

It increases GFR by dilating afferent arterioles and constricting efferent arterioles.

Question 18

Which of the following is a normal characteristic of urine?

Accepted Answer

Clear, sterile liquid with yellow color due to urobilin

Question 19

Which of the following age-related changes is most likely to contribute to urinary incontinence in elderly individuals?

Accepted Answer

Loss of muscle tone in the external urethral sphincter

Urinary System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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