Question 1

Which of the following best describes what happens to glucose during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is oxidized by losing electrons, primarily to oxygen.

Question 2

In the context of redox reactions, which statement is correct regarding NAD$$^+$$ and NADH?

Accepted Answer

NAD$$^+ is $$the oxidized form and acts as an electron acceptor.

Question 3

Which of the following is a correct summary of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

It involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a high-energy intermediate.

Question 4

During the electron transport chain (ETC), what is the primary role of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

To act as the final electron acceptor, forming water.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants in hot, dry environments?

Accepted Answer

C4 plants separate CO$$_2$$ capture and the Calvin cycle into different cell types, reducing photorespiration.

Question 6

Which process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and relies on the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

What is the main consequence of G2 checkpoint failure during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Genomic instability, cell death, or cancer due to incomplete or damaged DNA entering mitosis.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It occurs in human muscle cells and red blood cells.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the movement of electrons in a redox reaction?

Accepted Answer

Electrons move from the reducing agent (electron donor) to the oxidizing agent (electron acceptor).

Question 10

Which of the following is a key feature of CAM plants?

Accepted Answer

They open stomata at night to minimize water loss and store CO$$_2 as $$organic acids.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

FADH$$_2$$

Question 12

What is the main energetic advantage of oxidative phosphorylation compared to substrate-level phosphorylation?

Accepted Answer

It produces significantly more ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 13

Which checkpoint failure is most likely to result in aneuploidy?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint failure

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the mitochondrial matrix in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It contains enzymes for the citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about fat catabolism is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a cellular respiration step with its main product?

Accepted Answer

Citric acid cycle – CO$$_2$$

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the electron transport chain releases energy in small, controlled steps?

Accepted Answer

To prevent the direct explosive transfer of electrons to oxygen.

Question 18

Which of the following is true about the role of bundle-sheath cells in C4 plants?

Accepted Answer

They release CO$$_2$$ from 4-carbon acids and run the Calvin cycle.

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of lactic acid build-up in human muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Acidification of the environment, leading to muscle fatigue.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the intermembrane space in mitochondria during cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It accumulates protons (H$$^+) $$pumped by the electron transport chain, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Cellular Respiration, Fermentation, Photosynthesis, and Cell Cycle Checkpoints: Study Notes

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