Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

During DNA replication, new nucleotides are added to which part of the growing DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3' OH of sugar

Question 3

In the process of transcription, which strand of DNA is used as the template for RNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The template strand

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the directionality of nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 5

During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA in which direction?

Accepted Answer

5' to 3'

Question 6

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from 5'-GAA-3' to 5'-GUA-3'. Using the codon table, what effect will this have on the protein?

Accepted Answer

The amino acid at this position will change from Glu to Val.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Replication → Transcription → Translation

Question 8

If the mRNA codon is 5'-GUC-3', which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Valine

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the leading and lagging strands are synthesized differently during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end, and the two template strands are antiparallel.

Question 10

A tRNA with the anticodon 3'-UAC-5' will pair with which mRNA codon?

Accepted Answer

5'-AUG-3'

Question 11

Which of the following is true about the start codon in translation?

Accepted Answer

It is always 5'-AUG-3' and codes for methionine.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes a promoter in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Question 13

If a mutation introduces a premature stop codon into the coding region of a gene, what is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The protein will be truncated and likely nonfunctional.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about peptide bond formation is correct?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next.

Question 15

During translation, which site on the ribosome does the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA first bind?

Accepted Answer

A site

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of a point mutation affecting protein function?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell anemia, where a single nucleotide change leads to a different amino acid in hemoglobin.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the coding strand of DNA and the mRNA produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA has the same sequence as the coding strand, except U replaces T.

Question 18

A polypeptide is synthesized from the following mRNA: 5'-AUG-GUA-AGA-3'. What is the sequence of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Methionine-Valine-Arginine

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments.

Question 20

If the anticodon on a tRNA is 3'-GCU-5', which mRNA codon will it pair with, and what amino acid will be attached?

Accepted Answer

5'-CGA-3'; Arginine

Central Dogma, Replication, Transcription, and Translation Study Guide

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