Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

During DNA replication, new nucleotides are added to which end of the growing DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3' OH group

Question 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the flow of genetic information?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 4

What is the function of the promoter region in DNA?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Question 5

Which strand of DNA is used as the template for mRNA synthesis during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The template strand (also called the antisense strand)

Question 6

A new nucleotide can only be added to which part of a growing nucleic acid chain?

Accepted Answer

$$3'\ \mathrm{OH}$$

Question 7

During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA in which direction?

Accepted Answer

5' to 3'

Question 8

Which of the following codons is the start codon for translation?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Question 9

If the mRNA codon is 5' GUC 3', which amino acid will be incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Valine

Question 10

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from 5' GAA 3' to 5' GUA 3'. What is the most likely effect on the protein product?

Accepted Answer

A different amino acid will be incorporated at that position.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the coding strand of DNA and the mRNA produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA sequence is identical to the coding strand except that U replaces T.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about peptide bond formation is correct?

Accepted Answer

A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next.

Question 13

During DNA replication, which strand is synthesized continuously?

Accepted Answer

Leading strand

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT directly involved in the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 15

If a mutation introduces a premature stop codon into an mRNA, what is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A truncated protein that is likely nonfunctional

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

Question 17

Which of the following is a property of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It is synthesized in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Question 18

A tRNA with the anticodon 3' UAC 5' will pair with which mRNA codon?

Accepted Answer

5' AUG 3'

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of a single nucleotide mutation in a gene?

Accepted Answer

It can cause diseases such as sickle cell anemia by altering the amino acid sequence of a protein.

DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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