Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis results in two diploid cells, while meiosis results in four haploid cells.

Question 2

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for glycosylation and modification of proteins in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

A scientist observes a eukaryotic cell with a cell wall composed of chitin and ergosterols in its membrane. This cell most likely belongs to which group?

Accepted Answer

Fungi

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the central dogma of molecular biology is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 6

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 7

A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon into a gene is called:

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 8

Which process allows bacteria to acquire genetic material from their environment?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack the metabolic pathways targeted by antibiotics.

Question 10

A virus with a single-stranded RNA genome that is directly translated by host ribosomes would be classified as which Baltimore group?

Accepted Answer

Group IV: +ssRNA

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-world example of lysogenic conversion, where a bacteriophage imparts new pathogenic properties to its bacterial host?

Accepted Answer

Corynebacterium diphtheriae producing diphtheria toxin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

They are short DNA segments synthesized on the lagging strand.

Question 13

A patient is diagnosed with a fungal infection that appears as yeast at 23°C and as mold at 37°C. This organism is exhibiting:

Accepted Answer

Dimorphism

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It brings specific amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon pairing.

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ion storage and lipid synthesis

Question 17

A scientist is studying a protist with a silica-based shell. To which group does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Diatoms

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why prions are difficult to destroy?

Accepted Answer

They are misfolded proteins that are resistant to standard sterilization methods.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

It results from the addition or deletion of bases, altering the reading frame.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world application of restriction endonucleases in molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Creating compatible DNA ends for cloning into plasmid vectors

Eukaryotes, Microbial Genetics, and Virology: Study Guide

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