Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of a promoter in DNA transcription?

Accepted Answer

It is the region where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription.

Question 2

During translation, which direction is the mRNA read by the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

5' to 3'

Question 3

A mutation changes a codon from UAU to UAA. What is the most likely effect on the resulting protein?

Accepted Answer

The protein will be truncated due to a premature stop codon.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'degenerate'?

Accepted Answer

Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon.

Question 5

Given the DNA template strand 3'-TACGGTACG-5', what is the corresponding mRNA sequence?

Accepted Answer

5'-AUGCCAUGC-3'

Question 6

If a tRNA has the anticodon 3'-UAC-5', which amino acid will it carry according to the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

Methionine

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 8

A scientist mutates the promoter region of a gene. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The gene may not be transcribed at all.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the directionality of DNA and RNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Both DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 10

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why a frameshift mutation is often more severe than a point mutation?

Accepted Answer

It alters the reading frame, changing every amino acid downstream.

Question 12

In a metabolic pathway, if enzyme B is nonfunctional, which of the following will accumulate?

Accepted Answer

The substrate for enzyme B

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Question 14

A cell is exposed to a chemical that inhibits RNA polymerase. What is the most immediate effect?

Accepted Answer

Transcription will stop.

Question 15

Which of the following codons is a stop codon?

Accepted Answer

UAA

Question 16

If the coding DNA strand is 5'-ATG GAA TGA-3', what is the sequence of the mRNA produced?

Accepted Answer

5'-AUG GAA UGA-3'

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the importance of the start codon in translation?

Accepted Answer

It determines the reading frame for the mRNA.

Question 18

A mutation in the DNA changes the codon GAG to GUG. What is the effect on the protein if GAG codes for glutamic acid and GUG codes for valine?

Accepted Answer

A single amino acid substitution from glutamic acid to valine.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?

Accepted Answer

The code is universal among almost all organisms.

Question 20

If a ribosome encounters the codon UGA during translation, what will happen?

Accepted Answer

The ribosome will stop translation and release the polypeptide.

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