Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration?

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6 \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Because the oxygen atom is more electronegative, creating a partial negative charge near the oxygen and a partial positive charge near the hydrogens.

Question 2

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a blood pH of 7.1. Which of the following best describes their condition and the role of buffers in the blood?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing acidosis, and buffers will help resist further decreases in pH by accepting excess H$$^+$$ ions.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 4

A scientist is studying a cell under a microscope and observes that it lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Which type of cell is the scientist most likely observing?

Accepted Answer

A prokaryotic cell

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in water?

Accepted Answer

Their hydrophilic heads interact with water, while their hydrophobic tails avoid water, causing the tails to face inward and the heads to face outward.

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6 	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6 	ext{CO}_2 + 6 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 7

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution; osmosis

Question 8

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, increasing the reaction rate.

Question 9

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is the primary function of water?

Accepted Answer

To provide electrons to the electron transport chain by splitting and releasing O$$_2 as a $$byproduct.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds and releases it when converted to ADP.

Question 11

A person is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which class of biological molecules does lactase belong to, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Protein; catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the Calvin cycle?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why carbon is able to form such a wide variety of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing for complex branching and ring structures.

Question 14

A cell is observed to have a large number of mitochondria. Which of the following is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

High rates of aerobic respiration to meet energy demands

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between entropy and energy transformations in living systems?

Accepted Answer

Energy transformations are always accompanied by an increase in entropy, as some energy is lost as heat.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of the three main stages of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain

Question 17

A marathon runner's muscles begin to fatigue and produce lactic acid during intense exercise. Which process is responsible for this, and why does it occur?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid fermentation; because oxygen is insufficient for aerobic respiration

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids within the cell.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about nucleic acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.

Question 20

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink. Which type of solution is the cell in, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic solution; osmosis

General Biology Midterm Study Guide: Chemistry, Molecules, Cells, and Energy

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