Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of restriction enzymes in the process of creating recombinant DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific palindromic sequences, generating sticky or blunt ends.

Question 2

A scientist wants to amplify a specific DNA segment using PCR. Which of the following components is NOT required for a successful PCR reaction?

Accepted Answer

Restriction enzymes

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the exponential amplification of DNA during PCR after $$n$$ cycles, starting with a single DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$N = 2^n$$

Question 4

In the context of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, what is the primary role of the guide RNA?

Accepted Answer

To direct the Cas9 protein to the complementary DNA sequence.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains how selectable markers are used in bacterial transformation experiments?

Accepted Answer

They allow only bacteria with the recombinant plasmid to survive on selective media.

Question 6

A researcher uses Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to introduce a gene into Arabidopsis. Which plasmid component is essential for the gene to be expressed in all tissues at all times?

Accepted Answer

A constitutive promoter such as the CaMV 35S promoter

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the CRISPR/Cas system in bacteria is correct?

Accepted Answer

Spacers are derived from viral DNA and provide sequence-specific immunity.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of a plasmid vector in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a vehicle to transfer foreign DNA into a host cell.

Question 9

A student is troubleshooting a failed PCR reaction. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be the cause of failure?

Accepted Answer

Using a high-fidelity restriction enzyme instead of DNA polymerase

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between forward genetics and reverse genetics?

Accepted Answer

Forward genetics starts with a phenotype and seeks the underlying gene; reverse genetics starts with a gene and investigates its function.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the purpose of gel electrophoresis in molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

To separate DNA fragments based on size using an electric field.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct definition of a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

Accepted Answer

An organism whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated using genetic engineering.

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps for cloning a gene into a plasmid using restriction enzymes?

Accepted Answer

Cut plasmid and gene with the same restriction enzyme, ligate gene into plasmid, transform bacteria.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why sticky ends are useful in molecular cloning?

Accepted Answer

They allow complementary base pairing between DNA fragments, facilitating ligation.

Question 15

A researcher uses NCBI BLAST to compare a gene sequence from Arabidopsis to other species. What is the primary goal of this analysis?

Accepted Answer

To identify homologous genes in other organisms.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the origin of replication in a plasmid vector?

Accepted Answer

It allows the plasmid to replicate independently within the host cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing?

Accepted Answer

Creating gene knockouts to study gene function in mice.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of dNTPs in a PCR reaction?

Accepted Answer

They serve as the building blocks for new DNA strand synthesis.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key feature of a palindrome in the context of restriction enzyme recognition sites?

Accepted Answer

It reads the same 5' to 3' on both DNA strands.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a two-hybrid screen in molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

To identify protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions.

Genetic Technology and Genome Editing: Study Guide

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