Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Accepted Answer

Diploid cells contain two sets of homologous chromosomes, while haploid cells contain only one set of non-homologous chromosomes.

Question 2

During which process is the chromosome number reduced from diploid to haploid?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis

Question 3

A gene is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or functional product.

Question 4

If a pea plant with genotype RrYy is crossed with another RrYy plant, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the offspring for round yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow, and wrinkled green seeds?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance?

Accepted Answer

A cross between red-flowered and white-flowered snapdragons produces pink-flowered offspring.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

Accepted Answer

Each individual has two alleles for each gene, and these alleles separate during gamete formation so that each gamete receives only one allele.

Question 7

A testcross is used to determine:

Accepted Answer

Whether an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

A cow with both red and white hairs (roan) resulting from a cross between a red cow and a white cow.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes pleiotropy?

Accepted Answer

A single gene affects multiple phenotypic traits.

Question 10

In Labrador retrievers, coat color is determined by two genes. If a black lab (BbEe) is crossed with another black lab (BbEe), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of black:chocolate:yellow offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:4$$

Question 11

Which of the following is true about the ABO blood group system in humans?

Accepted Answer

It is determined by three alleles: $$I^A$$, $$I^B$$, and $$i.$$

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Human skin color, which is influenced by several genes, resulting in a wide range of phenotypes.

Question 13

If a trait is controlled by a recessive allele, what must be true for an individual to express the recessive phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The individual must be homozygous for the recessive allele.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

Question 15

A woman with blood type AB has a child with a man who has blood type O. What are the possible blood types of their children?

Accepted Answer

A or B

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of a dominant allele being less common in a population than a recessive allele?

Accepted Answer

Polydactyly (extra fingers or toes) in humans.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why siblings with the same parents can look very different from each other?

Accepted Answer

Independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization create genetic variation.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that contributes to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

Question 19

A pedigree is useful in human genetics because:

Accepted Answer

It allows geneticists to analyze inheritance patterns across generations.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype is the observable physical or physiological traits.

Mendelian Genetics and Genetic Variation: Study Notes for General Biology

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