Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the change in Gibbs free energy for a reaction?

$$\Delta G = G_{\text{products}} - G_{\text{reactants}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why two pigs of the same mass can have different body proportions after experiencing different nutritional histories during development?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient allocation during development affects which tissues grow more, leading to differences in body composition even if final mass is the same.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about metabolism is correct?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism releases usable free energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolism uses energy to build complex molecules.

Question 3

During which physiological state does the mammary gland act as a major nutrient sink, sometimes at the expense of the mother's own body reserves?

Accepted Answer

Lactation

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP and its energetic consequence?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i$$ with $$\Delta G \u003c 0$$

Question 5

Why must ATP be continuously regenerated in living cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP is not stored long-term and is rapidly consumed during cellular work.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics as it applies to living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Energy is transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 7

A cell is performing an endergonic reaction. Which of the following must be true?

Accepted Answer

The reaction requires an input of energy and $$\Delta G \u003e 0.$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a real-life example of an exergonic reaction in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration

Question 9

What is the main reason that growth in animals is not simply a matter of getting bigger?

Accepted Answer

Growth involves building new tissues with specific proportions and functions, not just increasing mass.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the head of a pig is less affected by nutritional plane than the loin, according to Hammond's studies?

Accepted Answer

Different tissues have different developmental priorities and metabolic demands, so nutrient allocation favors some tissues over others.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the change in Gibbs free energy for a reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = G_{	ext{products}} - G_{	ext{reactants}}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a cell to divide and build another cell?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes and regulatory signals to coordinate the work

Question 13

Why does a cell need to maintain ion gradients across its membrane, and which process is directly involved?

Accepted Answer

To maintain membrane potential and osmotic balance; the Na$$^+/K$^+-$$ATPase uses ATP hydrolysis to move ions.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the ATP cycle in cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP is regenerated from ADP and Pi using energy from metabolism, and then hydrolyzed to power cellular work.

Question 15

A growing animal's tissues differ in their developmental timing and biosynthetic demands. What is a likely consequence if nutrient supply is limited?

Accepted Answer

Some tissues will receive more nutrients than others, leading to changes in body proportions.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Every energy transformation increases the total entropy of the system and its surroundings.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes why cells are considered open systems?

Accepted Answer

They exchange both matter and energy with their environment.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of mechanical work powered by ATP in cells?

Accepted Answer

Movement of motor proteins during chromosome segregation

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct example of coupling in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis (exergonic) is used to drive the synthesis of macromolecules (endergonic).

Question 20

Which tissue in mammals is most likely to be affected by changes in nutritional plane during development, according to Hammond's studies?

Accepted Answer

Loin muscle

Metabolism, Growth, and Energetic Allocation in Animals

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