Question 1

Which of the following best explains why meiosis is compared to a slot machine, while mitosis is compared to a copy machine?

Accepted Answer

Meiosis produces genetically diverse cells due to random assortment and crossing over, while mitosis produces identical copies.

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 3

A human somatic cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

Accepted Answer

46

Question 4

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is most important for determining whether a cell will proceed to divide?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint

Question 5

What is the ploidy of the cells immediately after Meiosis I in humans?

Accepted Answer

Haploid (n)

Question 6

Which of the following events contributes directly to genetic variation during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over during prophase I

Question 7

If a diploid plant has 5 pairs of chromosomes, how many genetically different gametes can it produce by independent assortment alone (ignore crossing over)?

Accepted Answer

$$2^5 = 32$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the Law of Independent Assortment?

Accepted Answer

Each pair of homologous chromosomes segregates into gametes independently of other pairs.

Question 9

During which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Accepted Answer

Prophase I

Question 10

A cell is observed to have chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate, each consisting of two sister chromatids. Which phase is this cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase of mitosis or metaphase II of meiosis

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the centromere during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Location of DNA replication initiation

Question 12

A mutation causes the cohesin proteins to fail during metaphase of mitosis. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids will separate prematurely, leading to aneuploid daughter cells.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between a chromatid and a chromosome?

Accepted Answer

A chromatid is one half of a replicated chromosome, while a chromosome can consist of one or two chromatids depending on the cell cycle stage.

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct consequence of the Law of Segregation during meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Each gamete receives only one allele of each gene.

Question 15

Why is random fertilization a significant source of genetic variation?

Accepted Answer

It allows any sperm to fuse with any egg, combining two unique sets of chromosomes.

Question 16

A cell in G0 phase is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

It has exited the cell cycle and is not actively dividing.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells often have abnormal numbers of chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

They frequently bypass cell cycle checkpoints, leading to errors in chromosome segregation.

Question 18

If a human cell fails to attach all chromosomes to spindle fibers from both poles during mitosis, what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will be halted at the M checkpoint until the problem is resolved.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

They carry the same genes but may have different alleles.

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of possible chromosome combinations due to independent assortment in a species with haploid number $$n$$?

Accepted Answer

$$2^n$$

Lecture 16 (unit 2) Mitosis and Meiosis: Cell Division and Genetic Variation

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