Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands release hormones into the extracellular fluid, which then diffuse into the bloodstream.

Question 2

A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Laboratory tests reveal high blood glucose and low insulin levels. Which disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin (CT); lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why lipid-soluble hormones can enter target cells but water-soluble hormones cannot?

Accepted Answer

Lipid-soluble hormones can diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

Question 5

A person with an enlarged thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency is suffering from which condition?

Accepted Answer

Simple goiter

Question 6

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels and what is one of its effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Release of oxytocin during childbirth to intensify uterine contractions

Question 8

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 9

A patient with high blood pressure, redistribution of body fat, and a rounded face is most likely suffering from which endocrine disorder?

Accepted Answer

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 10

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the action of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

Question 12

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what is one of its main functions?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; promotes sleep and regulates circadian rhythms

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of hormone and its effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown

Question 14

Which hormone is most directly responsible for the symptoms of gigantism when oversecreted during childhood?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messengers such as cAMP.

Question 16

A patient with muscle spasms and nervousness is found to have low blood calcium and low parathyroid hormone levels. What is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Undersecretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the thymus and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Thymosin; promotes maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of prostaglandins?

Accepted Answer

They are local signaling molecules with diverse effects such as influencing inflammation and blood clotting.

Question 19

Which hormone interaction describes a situation where one hormone must be present for another to exert its effect?

Accepted Answer

Permissive

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with Addison’s disease. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe?

Accepted Answer

Bronzing of the skin, fatigue, and electrolyte imbalance

The Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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