Question 1

Which experimental result from the Miller-Urey experiment provided the strongest evidence against the theory of vitalism?

Accepted Answer

The formation of organic compounds such as amino acids from inorganic precursors under simulated early Earth conditions.

Question 2

Which property of carbon most directly explains its ability to form a wide variety of complex organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Its tetravalence, allowing it to form four covalent bonds.

Question 3

A hydrocarbon with the formula $$C_5H_{10} is $$most likely:

Accepted Answer

An alkene

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between structural isomers and enantiomers?

Accepted Answer

Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangement of atoms, while enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

Question 5

Which functional group is responsible for making amino acids act as bases in aqueous solution?

Accepted Answer

Amino group ($$-NH_2$)

Question 6

Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis forms polymers by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why humans can digest starch but not cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Humans have enzymes that hydrolyze alpha glycosidic linkages in starch, but not beta linkages in cellulose.

Question 8

A molecule with the formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ is classified as a:

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule with its monomer and bond type?

Accepted Answer

Protein – Amino acid – Peptide bond

Question 10

Which functional group is found in all amino acids and is responsible for their acidic properties?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 11

A mutation causes a single amino acid substitution in the primary structure of a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected?

Accepted Answer

All levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of the importance of enantiomers in pharmacology?

Accepted Answer

Thalidomide, where one enantiomer caused birth defects while the other was effective as a sedative.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.

Question 15

A sample of DNA is found to contain 20% adenine. According to Chargaff’s Rule, what percentage of guanine does it contain?

Accepted Answer

30%

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have straight chains that pack closely together, while unsaturated fats have kinks due to double bonds.

Question 17

Which bond is formed during the condensation (dehydration) reaction between two amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 18

Which of the following functional groups is critical for energy transfer in cells, such as in ATP?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group ($$-PO_4$^{2-})$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between alpha and beta glucose in polysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Alpha glucose forms helical structures (starch), while beta glucose forms straight chains (cellulose).

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life: Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules

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