Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity targets a limited number of key structures, while adaptive immunity targets a vast array of antigens.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic attribute of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immediate response to all pathogens

Question 3

A patient receives a kidney transplant. Which molecules are most important in determining whether the transplant will be accepted or rejected?

Accepted Answer

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

Question 4

Which of the following cells are considered antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

Question 5

Which class of MHC proteins is found on all nucleated cells except red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

MHC class I

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why T cell receptors (TCRs) do not recognize epitopes directly?

Accepted Answer

TCRs only bind epitopes that are presented by MHC proteins on the surface of cells.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc cells)?

Accepted Answer

Directly killing infected or abnormal cells using perforin and granzymes

Question 8

Which process ensures that T cells do NOT react against self-antigens, thus preventing autoimmunity?

Accepted Answer

Clonal deletion

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T cells (Th cells) in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

They activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages through cytokine secretion.

Question 10

Which antibody class is most abundant and has the longest half-life in the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 11

A patient is exposed to a virus for the first time. Which antibody class is produced first during the primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why passive immunity is effective more quickly than active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Passive immunity provides pre-formed antibodies, while active immunity requires time for the body to generate its own response.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of antibodies in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Neutralization, opsonization, and activation of complement

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of antigen presentation for exogenous antigens?

Accepted Answer

Exogenous antigens are taken into antigen-presenting cells by phagocytosis and presented on MHC class II molecules.

Question 15

Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for stimulating the proliferation of T and B cells during an immune response?

Accepted Answer

Interleukins (ILs)

Question 16

A patient with a parasitic worm infection is likely to have elevated levels of which antibody class?

Accepted Answer

IgE

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why memory cells are important for secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

They respond rapidly and robustly upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving a vaccine against measles

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

They suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why the activities of B and T cells are called 'adaptive'?

Accepted Answer

They adapt to recognize and respond to specific antigens encountered during an individual's lifetime.

Adaptive Immunity: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms

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