Question 1

Which of the following best explains why viruses are classified as nonliving microbes?

Accepted Answer

They lack cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolism independently.

Question 2

A virus with a helical capsid and a lipid envelope is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Enter host cells via membrane fusion or endocytosis.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a criterion used to define a virus?

Accepted Answer

Can replicate independently of host cells

Question 4

Which structure is responsible for the attachment of a virus to its host cell?

Accepted Answer

Spike (glycoprotein)

Question 5

A bacteriophage that integrates its genome into the host bacterial chromosome and can later enter the lytic cycle is called a:

Accepted Answer

Temperate phage

Question 6

Which of the following best describes antigenic shift?

Accepted Answer

Major genetic reassortment when two different viral strains co-infect a host cell

Question 7

Which of the following statements about viral genomes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

RNA viruses mutate more rapidly than DNA viruses because RNA polymerases lack proofreading ability.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of steps in the lytic replication cycle of a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Attachment → Penetration → Replication → Assembly → Release

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a persistent latent viral infection?

Accepted Answer

Flare-ups with intermittent periods of dormancy

Question 10

A virus that infects only bacteria is called a:

Accepted Answer

Bacteriophage

Question 11

Which of the following is a property used to classify viruses?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE about prions?

Accepted Answer

They are infectious proteins that cause misfolding of normal proteins.

Question 13

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates viral tropism?

Accepted Answer

A virus infects only lung tissue due to specific receptor recognition.

Question 14

Which of the following is a likely consequence of antigenic drift in influenza viruses?

Accepted Answer

Minor changes in spike proteins leading to reduced immune recognition

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why enveloped viruses are generally less stable in the environment than naked viruses?

Accepted Answer

Their lipid envelopes are easily disrupted by physical and chemical factors.

Question 16

A patient is infected with a virus that integrates its genome into host DNA and remains dormant for years before causing symptoms. This virus is most likely to cause:

Accepted Answer

A latent persistent infection

Question 17

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between mutation rate and genome copying in RNA viruses?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Mutation Rate} = 1/	ext{Genome Copying Round}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of the lysogenic replication cycle compared to the lytic cycle?

Accepted Answer

Integration of viral genome into the host genome as a prophage

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of viral reassortment?

Accepted Answer

Two different viral strains co-infect a host cell and exchange genome segments

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a step in the generalized animal virus replication pathway?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

Viruses and Prions: Structure, Classification, and Replication

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