Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the periosteum in bone structure?

Accepted Answer

It covers the outer surface of bone, contains blood vessels and nerves, and serves as an attachment point for tendons and muscles.

Question 2

A patient presents with bowed legs and pain when weight is applied. Laboratory tests reveal low calcium and vitamin D levels. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Osteomalacia (Rickets)

Question 3

Which type of cartilage is found in the menisci of the knee and intervertebral discs, and what property does it provide?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; great tensile strength

Question 4

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels, and what is its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release calcium

Question 5

A 70-year-old woman suffers a hip fracture after a minor fall. Her bone density scan shows significant loss of bone mass, especially in the spongy bone of the femur neck. Which condition is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains Wolff’s law?

Accepted Answer

A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Formation of bone collar → cavitation of hyaline cartilage → invasion by periosteal bud → formation of medullary cavity → ossification of epiphyses

Question 8

Which bone cell type is responsible for bone resorption, and what enzyme does it secrete to digest the organic matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; lysosomal enzymes

Question 9

A child’s X-ray shows a fracture where one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends. What type of fracture is this, and why is it more common in children?

Accepted Answer

Greenstick fracture; children’s bones are more flexible due to higher organic matrix

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is made of trabeculae and found in the epiphyses.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the mineral component of bone, hydroxyapatite?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 12

A patient with a thyroid tumor is producing excess calcitonin. What is the expected effect on their blood calcium levels and bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

Blood calcium decreases; bone deposition increases

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the epiphyseal plate in long bone growth?

Accepted Answer

It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where interstitial growth occurs, increasing bone length.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why yellow marrow can revert to red marrow in anemic adults?

Accepted Answer

Yellow marrow contains fat that can be converted to blood cells during increased demand.

Question 16

Which of the following bone markings is correctly matched with its function?

Accepted Answer

Crest – site of ligament attachment

Question 17

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling is correct?

Accepted Answer

Bone remodeling is controlled by both hormonal mechanisms and mechanical stress.

Question 18

A patient with Paget’s disease has bones with a high ratio of spongy to compact bone. What is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Spotty weakening of bone and increased risk of fracture

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of appositional growth in bones?

Accepted Answer

Increase in bone thickness due to osteoblast and osteoclast activity on bone surfaces

Question 20

Which of the following is a sesamoid bone, and where is it typically found?

Accepted Answer

Patella; embedded within tendons

Bones and Skeletal Tissues: Structure, Function, and Development

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard