Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main physiological effect of soluble fiber in the human digestive system?

Accepted Answer

It delays stomach emptying and slows glucose absorption.

Question 2

A patient with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid which of the following sweeteners due to its phenylalanine content?

Accepted Answer

Aspartame

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the chemical formula for glucose, a monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$}$$

Question 4

A person consumes a meal high in carbohydrates. Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering their blood glucose levels, and what is one of its main actions?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; promotes glucose uptake by cells

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why a diet low in fiber increases the risk of hemorrhoids?

Accepted Answer

Low fiber leads to constipation and straining during bowel movements.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a disaccharide and its monosaccharide components?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose

Question 7

A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and blurred vision. Laboratory tests reveal high blood glucose. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Hyperglycemia

Question 8

Which of the following foods would have the highest glycemic index (GI) and cause the most rapid spike in blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

White bread

Question 9

Which process is described by the following equation: 'Excess glucose is converted into fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue'?

Accepted Answer

Lipogenesis

Question 10

A person with lactose intolerance lacks which enzyme, and what is the consequence of consuming dairy products?

Accepted Answer

Lactase; undigested lactose is fermented by bacteria causing gas and pain

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells; Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance.

Question 12

Which of the following is a nonnutritive sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sugar and provides zero kilocalories per serving?

Accepted Answer

Sucralose

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the digestion and absorption of starch from a meal?

Accepted Answer

Mouth (amylase) → Stomach (no digestion) → Small intestine (pancreatic amylase) → Absorption

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Which combination of risk factors would confirm this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Abdominal obesity, high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides

Question 15

Which of the following statements about glycogen is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is stored mainly in the liver and skeletal muscles in humans.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the main difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis?

Accepted Answer

Diverticulosis is the presence of pouches; diverticulitis is inflammation or infection of those pouches.

Question 17

Which of the following foods is most likely to help lower blood cholesterol due to its soluble fiber content?

Accepted Answer

Oats

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why high-GI foods can be problematic for people with diabetes?

Accepted Answer

They cause rapid spikes in blood glucose, making management difficult.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

Accepted Answer

It is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 diabetes.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of glucagon during fasting?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose.

Carbohydrates: Structure, Function, Digestion, and Related Disorders

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