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Differentiate between stroke volume and cardiac output. How is cardiac output calculated?
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Ch. 20 The Heart
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology26
- Ch. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization34
- Ch. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization30
- Ch. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization24
- Ch. 5 The Integumentary System17
- Ch. 6 Bones and Bone Structure36
- Ch. 7 The Axial Skeleton11
- Ch. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton17
- Ch. 9 Joints13
- Ch. 10 Muscle Tissue12
- Ch. 11 The Muscular System28
- Ch. 12 Nervous Tissue18
- Ch. 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes22
- Ch. 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves20
- Ch. 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System17
- Ch. 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions30
- Ch. 17 The Special Senses16
- Ch. 18 The Endocrine System20
- Ch. 19 Blood31
- Ch. 20 The Heart31
- Ch. 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation29
- Ch. 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity31
- Ch. 23 The Respiratory System12
- Ch. 24 The Digestive System18
- Ch. 26 The Urinary System31
- Ch. 27 Fluids & Electrolytes32
- Ch. 28 The Reproductive System12
- Ch. 29 Development and Inheritance23
Martini, Nath, Bartholomew11th EditionFundamentals of Anatomy & PhysiologyISBN: 9780136874089Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 20, Problema 25
What factors influence cardiac output?
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Understand that cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, and it is calculated as the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). The formula is: \[ CO = HR \times SV \]
Identify that heart rate (HR) is the number of heartbeats per minute, which can be influenced by autonomic nervous system activity, hormones, and physical activity.
Recognize that stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat, and it depends on three main factors: preload, afterload, and contractility.
Explain that preload refers to the degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole, which is related to venous return and blood volume.
Describe afterload as the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood, influenced by arterial blood pressure and vascular resistance, while contractility is the intrinsic strength of cardiac muscle contraction, affected by sympathetic stimulation and certain hormones.
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Heart Rate
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. It directly affects cardiac output because an increase in heart rate generally raises the volume of blood pumped by the heart, while a decrease lowers it. Factors like exercise, stress, and autonomic nervous system activity influence heart rate.
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Control of Heart Rate
Stroke Volume
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It depends on factors such as preload (ventricular filling), contractility (strength of contraction), and afterload (resistance the heart must overcome). Changes in stroke volume significantly impact cardiac output.
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Venous Return
Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart, which affects preload and thus stroke volume. It is influenced by blood volume, venous tone, and muscle activity. Adequate venous return is essential to maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet the body's demands.
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