TThe great cardiac vein drains blood from the heart muscle to the:

(a) Left ventricle

(b) Right ventricle

(c) Right atrium

(d) Left atrium

The autonomic centers for cardiac function are located in:

(a) The myocardial tissue of the heart

(b) The cardiac centers of the medulla oblongata

(c) The cerebral cortex

(d) All of these structures

The serous membrane covering the outer surface of the heart is the:

(a) Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

(b) Endocardium

(c) Myocardium

(d) Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

The simple squamous epithelium covering the heart valves is the:

(a) Epicardium

(b) Endocardium

(c) Myocardium

(d) Endothelium

The heart is surrounded by the:

(a) Pleural cavity

(b) Peritoneal cavity

(c) Abdominopelvic cavity

(d) Mediastinum

(e) Abdominal cavity

The cardiac skeleton of the heart has which two of the following functions?

(a) It physically isolates the muscle fibers of the atria from those of the ventricles.

(b) It maintains the normal shape of the heart.

(c) It helps distribute the forces of cardiac contraction.

(d) It allows more rapid contraction of the ventricles.

(e) It strengthens and helps prevent overexpansion of the heart.

Cardiac output is equal to the:

(a) Difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume

(b) Product of heart rate and stroke volume

(c) Difference between the stroke volume at rest and the stroke volume during exercise

(d) Stroke volume less the end-systolic volume

(e) Product of heart rate and blood pressure

Identify the superficial structures in the following diagram of the heart.

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

f. ___

g. ___

h. ___

Identify the structures in the following diagram of a sectional view of the heart.

a. ___

b. ___

c. ___

d. ___

e. ___

f. ___

g. ___

h. ___

i. ___

j. ___

k. ___

l. ___

m. ___

During diastole, a chamber of the heart:

(a) Relaxes and fills with blood

(b) Contracts and pushes blood into an adjacent chamber

(c) Experiences a sharp increase in pressure

(d) Reaches a pressure of approximately 120 mm Hg

During the cardiac cycle, the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle when the semilunar valve opens is the:

(a) Stroke volume (SV)

(b) End-diastolic volume (EDV)

(c) End-systolic volume (ESV)

(d) Cardiac output (CO)

What role do the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles play in the normal function of the AV valves?

Describe the three distinct layers that make up the heart wall.

What are the valves in the heart, and what is the function of each?

Trace the normal pathway of an electrical impulse through the conducting system of the heart.

What is the cardiac cycle? What phases and events are necessary to complete a cardiac cycle?

What three factors regulate stroke volume to ensure that the left and right ventricles pump equal volumes of blood?

The cells of the conducting system differ from the contractile cells of the heart in that:

(a) Conducting cells are larger and contain more myofibrils

(b) Contractile cells exhibit pacemaker potentials

(c) Contractile cells do not normally exhibit autorhythmicity

(d) Both a and b are correct

Which of the following is longer?

(a) The refractory period of a cardiac contractile cell.

(b) The refractory period of skeletal muscle fiber.

If the papillary muscles fail to contract:

(a) The ventricles will not pump blood

(b) The atria will not pump blood

(c) The semilunar valves will not open

(d) The AV valves will not close properly

(e) None of these happen

Cardiac output cannot increase indefinitely because:

(a) The available filling time decreases as heart rate increases

(b) The heart becomes unable to contract at faster rates

(c) Stroke volume increases too much, leading to overfilling

(d) The heart’s muscle fibers lose their ability to stretch

(e) None of these reasons

Describe the function of the SA node in the cardiac cycle. How does this function differ from that of the AV node?

What are the sources and significance of the four heart sounds?

Differentiate between stroke volume and cardiac output. How is cardiac output calculated?

What factors influence cardiac output?

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart? What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?

Describe the effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and thyroid hormones on the contractility of the heart.

Vern is suffering from cardiac arrhythmias and is brought into the emergency room of a hospital. In the emergency room he begins to exhibit tachycardia and as a result loses consciousness. Explain why Vern lost consciousness.

Harvey has a heart murmur in his left ventricle that produces a loud 'gurgling' sound at the beginning of systole. Which valve is probably faulty?

The following measurements were made on two individuals (the values recorded remained stable for 1 hour):

Person 1: heart rate, 75 bpm; stroke volume, 60 mL

Person 2: heart rate, 90 bpm; stroke volume, 95 mL

Which person has the greater venous return?

Which person has the longer ventricular filling time?