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Ch. 54 - Community Ecology
Campbell - Campbell Biology 12th Edition
Urry12th EditionCampbell BiologyISBN: 9785794169850Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoUrry 12th EditionCh. 54 - Community EcologyProblema 9
Capitolo 54, Problema 9

Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed among four species: 5A, 5B, 85C, and 5D. Community 2 contains 100 individuals distributed among three species: 30A, 40B, and 30C. Calculate the Shannon diversity (H) for each community. Which community is more diverse?

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1
Understand the Shannon diversity index formula: \( H = -\sum (p_i \cdot \ln(p_i)) \), where \( p_i \) is the proportion of each species in the community.
Calculate the proportion \( p_i \) for each species in Community 1: \( p_A = \frac{5}{100} \), \( p_B = \frac{5}{100} \), \( p_C = \frac{85}{100} \), \( p_D = \frac{5}{100} \).
Calculate the Shannon diversity index \( H \) for Community 1 using the formula: \( H_1 = -(p_A \cdot \ln(p_A) + p_B \cdot \ln(p_B) + p_C \cdot \ln(p_C) + p_D \cdot \ln(p_D)) \).
Calculate the proportion \( p_i \) for each species in Community 2: \( p_A = \frac{30}{100} \), \( p_B = \frac{40}{100} \), \( p_C = \frac{30}{100} \).
Calculate the Shannon diversity index \( H \) for Community 2 using the formula: \( H_2 = -(p_A \cdot \ln(p_A) + p_B \cdot \ln(p_B) + p_C \cdot \ln(p_C)) \). Compare \( H_1 \) and \( H_2 \) to determine which community is more diverse.

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Shannon Diversity Index

The Shannon Diversity Index (H) is a mathematical formula used to quantify the diversity within a community. It considers both the number of species present (richness) and the evenness of the distribution of individuals among those species. The formula is H = -Σ (p_i * ln(p_i)), where p_i is the proportion of individuals belonging to the ith species. A higher value of H indicates greater diversity.
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Species Richness

Species richness refers to the number of different species present in a community. It is a fundamental aspect of biodiversity, providing a simple count of species without considering their relative abundance. In the given question, Community 1 has four species, while Community 2 has three species, which affects the calculation of diversity indices.
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Biological Species Concept

Species Evenness

Species evenness measures how equal the populations of different species are within a community. It is an important component of biodiversity, as communities with similar numbers of individuals across species are considered more even. In the question, Community 2 has a more even distribution of individuals among its species compared to Community 1, impacting the Shannon diversity calculation.
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Biological Species Concept
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Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?

a. Limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount

b. Influence of temperature on competition among plants

c. Influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers

d. Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity

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Food chains are sometimes short because

a. Only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species.

b. Local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain.

c. Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level.

d. Most producers are inedible.

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The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that

a. Tropical communities are younger.

b. Tropical regions generally have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation.

c. Higher temperatures cause more rapid speciation.

d. Diversity increases as evapotranspiration decreases.

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