Ch. 4 - Applications of Derivatives

Hass15th EditionThomas' CalculusISBN: 9780137616077Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo

Hass 15th Edition

Ch. 4 - Applications of Derivatives

Problema 4.4.114b

Capitolo 4, Problema 4.4.114b

114. Parabolas
b. When is the parabola concave up? Concave down?

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To determine when a parabola is concave up or concave down, we need to look at the second derivative of its equation. A parabola is typically given by the quadratic function \( f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c \).

The second derivative of the function \( f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c \) is \( f''(x) = 2a \). This is a constant value, meaning it does not depend on \( x \).

A parabola is concave up when the second derivative is positive. Therefore, if \( 2a > 0 \), the parabola is concave up. This simplifies to \( a > 0 \).

Conversely, a parabola is concave down when the second derivative is negative. Therefore, if \( 2a < 0 \), the parabola is concave down. This simplifies to \( a < 0 \).

In summary, the concavity of a parabola is determined by the sign of the coefficient \( a \) in the quadratic function. If \( a > 0 \), the parabola is concave up, and if \( a < 0 \), it is concave down.

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Parabola

A parabola is a U-shaped curve that can open upwards or downwards, defined by a quadratic function of the form y = ax^2 + bx + c. The direction in which the parabola opens is determined by the sign of the coefficient 'a'. If 'a' is positive, the parabola opens upwards; if 'a' is negative, it opens downwards.

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Properties of Parabolas

Concavity

Concavity refers to the direction in which a curve bends. A function is concave up if it bends upwards like a cup, and concave down if it bends downwards like a cap. For a parabola, concavity is determined by the sign of the leading coefficient 'a' in the quadratic equation: positive 'a' indicates concave up, while negative 'a' indicates concave down.

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Determining Concavity Given a Function

Second Derivative Test

The second derivative test is used to determine the concavity of a function. For a quadratic function y = ax^2 + bx + c, the second derivative is a constant, 2a. If 2a > 0, the function is concave up, and if 2a < 0, it is concave down. This test helps in identifying the nature of the parabola's curvature.

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The Second Derivative Test: Finding Local Extrema

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Checking Antiderivative Formulas

Right, or wrong? Say which for each formula and give a brief reason for each answer.

∫xsinx dx = -x cos x + C

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[Technology Exercise] 16. Designing a box with a lid A piece of cardboard measures 10 in. by 15 in. Two equal squares are removed from the corners of a 10-in. side as shown in the figure. Two equal rectangles are removed from the other corners so that the tabs can be folded to form a rectangular box with lid.

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b. Find the domain of V for the problem situation and graph V over this domain.

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Identifying Extrema

In Exercises 63 and 64, the graph of f' is given. Assume that f has domain (-2, 2).

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b. Either use the graph to determine which intervals f is positive on and which intervals f is negative on, or explain why this information cannot be determined from the graph.

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Theory and Examples

In Exercises 51 and 52, give reasons for your answers.

Let f(x) = |x³ − 9x|.

b. Does f'(3) exist?

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Analyzing Functions from Derivatives

Answer the following questions about the functions whose derivatives are given in Exercises 1–14: