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(a) What are the C—C—C bond angles in diamond?
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Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement177
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions231
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry216
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution189
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry175
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms168
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements150
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding177
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories200
- Ch.10 - Gases179
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces113
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials154
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions157
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics199
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium128
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria164
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria163
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment105
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics164
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry171
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry122
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals82
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry79
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry16
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 12, Problema 126c
(c) What atomic orbitals are involved in the stacking of graphite sheets with each other?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Identify the structure of graphite, which consists of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice.
Understand that each carbon atom in graphite is sp2 hybridized, forming three sigma bonds with three neighboring carbon atoms in the same plane.
Recognize that the remaining p orbital on each carbon atom, which is perpendicular to the plane of the sigma bonds, overlaps with p orbitals on adjacent carbon atoms to form a pi bond network.
Note that the pi bonds create a delocalized electron cloud above and below the plane of the carbon atoms, contributing to the stability and electrical conductivity of graphite.
Conclude that the stacking of graphite sheets involves interactions between these delocalized pi electron clouds from adjacent layers.
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Atomic Orbitals
Atomic orbitals are regions in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons. They are defined by quantum mechanics and include s, p, d, and f orbitals. In graphite, the relevant orbitals are primarily the sp² hybridized orbitals, which allow for the formation of sigma bonds between carbon atoms in the planar sheets.
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01:51
Atomic Orbitals Example
Graphite Structure
Graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Each carbon atom is bonded to three others in the same plane, forming strong covalent bonds. The layers are held together by weaker van der Waals forces, allowing them to slide over each other, which is why graphite is slippery and used as a lubricant.
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01:42Resonance Structures
Interlayer Interactions
The interactions between the layers of graphite are primarily due to van der Waals forces, which are weak compared to covalent bonds. These forces arise from temporary dipoles that occur when electron distributions around atoms fluctuate. Understanding these interactions is crucial for explaining the physical properties of graphite, such as its electrical conductivity and lubricating ability.
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03:01The greatest ligand-orbital interactions result in the greatest increase in energy.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Although polyethylene can twist and turn in random ways, the most stable form is a linear one with the carbon backbone oriented as shown in the following figure:
The solid wedges in the figure indicate bonds from carbon that come out of the plane of the page; the dashed wedges indicate bonds that lie behind the plane of the page. (a) What is the hybridization of orbitals at each carbon atom? What angles do you expect between the bonds?
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Domanda del libro di testo
(b) What are they in graphite (in one sheet)?
Domanda del libro di testo
Employing the bond enthalpy values listed in Table 8.4, estimate the molar enthalpy change occurring upon (a) polymerization of ethylene. (b) formation of nylon 6,6. (c) formation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
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Domanda del libro di testo
(a) In polyvinyl chloride shown in Table 12.6, which bonds have the lowest average bond enthalpy?
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