Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics

Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition

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Brown 14th Edition

Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics

Problema 3b

Capitolo 19, Problema 3b

b. If energy can flow in and out of the system to maintain a constant temperature during the process, what can you say about the entropy change of the surroundings as a result of this process?

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Identify the type of system and process: The system allows energy exchange to maintain constant temperature, indicating it's an isothermal process.

Understand the concept of entropy: Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. In thermodynamics, it's also a measure of energy dispersal at a specific temperature.

Relate energy flow and entropy: When energy flows out of the system (as heat) to maintain constant temperature, it increases the entropy of the surroundings because the energy is dispersed into a larger environment.

Apply the second law of thermodynamics: This law states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. Since the system is not isolated but can exchange heat with its surroundings, the entropy of the surroundings must increase if the system's entropy decreases or remains constant.

Conclude about the entropy change of the surroundings: Since the system maintains a constant temperature by exchanging heat with its surroundings, and based on the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy of the surroundings increases as a result of this process.

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Entropy

Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. In thermodynamics, it quantifies the amount of energy in a physical system that is not available to do work. When energy is transferred between a system and its surroundings, the change in entropy can indicate whether the process is spontaneous or requires external energy input.

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02:46

Entropy in Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Thermodynamic equilibrium occurs when a system's macroscopic properties, such as temperature and pressure, are uniform throughout and do not change over time. In the context of the question, maintaining a constant temperature implies that the system is in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, allowing for energy exchange without a net change in temperature.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. It implies that processes occur in a direction that increases the total entropy of the universe. In the scenario described, if energy flows in and out of the system while maintaining constant temperature, the entropy change of the surroundings will increase, reflecting the energy exchange and the tendency towards greater disorder.

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00:48

Second Law of Thermodynamics Example

Pratica correlata

Domanda del libro di testo

Two different gases occupy the two bulbs shown here. Consider the process that occurs when the stopcock is opened, assuming the gases behave ideally. (d) How does the process affect the entropy of the surroundings?

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Domanda del libro di testo

The accompanying diagram shows how entropy varies with temperature for a substance that is a gas at the highest temperature shown. (c) If this substance is a perfect crystal at T = 0 K, what is the value of S at this temperature?

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Domanda del libro di testo

Predict the signs of ΔH and ΔS for this reaction. Explain your choice.

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Domanda del libro di testo

Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms, as shown here for two isomers of pentane, C₅H₁₂.

(a) Do you expect a significant difference in the enthalpy of combustion of the two isomers? Explain.

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