Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals
Indietro
- Complete the exercises below. In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide reduces dilute HNO₃ to NO₂. In all cases, under appropriate conditions, the product is elemental sulfur. Write a balanced net ionic equation for each reaction.
Problema 43
- Complete the exercises below. An aqueous solution of SO₂ reduces a. aqueous KMnO₄ to MnSO₄ (aq) b. acidic aqueous K₂Cr₂O₇ to aqueous Cr⁵⁺, c. aqueous Hg₂(NO₃)₂ to mercury metal. Write balanced equations for these reactions.
Problema 44
- Complete the exercises below. Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, and indicate the structure of each: a. SeO₃²⁻; b. S₂Cl₂; c. chlorosulfonic acid, HSO₃Cl (chlorine is bonded to sulfur).
Problema 45
- Complete the exercises below. The SF₅⁻ ion is formed when SF₄ (g) reacts with fluoride salts containing large cations, such as CsF(s). Draw the Lewis structures for SF₄ and SF₅⁻, and predict the molecular structure of each.
Problema 46
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water. b. Solid zinc sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid. c. Elemental sulfur reacts with sulfite ion to form thiosulfate. d. Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid.
Problema 47
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions. a. Hydrogen selenide can be prepared by the reaction of an aqueous acid solution on aluminum selenide. b. Sodium thiosulfate is used to remove excess Cl₂ from chlorine-bleached fabrics. The thiosulfate ion forms SO₄²⁻ and elemental sulfur, while Cl₂ is reduced to Cl⁻.
Problema 48
- Complete the exercises below. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds, and indicate the oxidation state of nitrogen in each: a. sodium nitrite, b. ammonia, c. nitrous oxide, d. sodium cyanide, e. nitric acid, f. nitrogen dioxide, g. nitrogen, h. boron nitride.
Problema 49
- Complete the exercises below. Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, describe its geometry, and indicate the oxidation state of the nitrogen: a. HNO₂, b. N₃⁻, c. N₂H₅⁺, d. NO₃⁻.
Problema 51
- Complete the exercises below. Write the Lewis structure for each of the following species, describe its geometry, and indicate the oxidation state of the nitrogen: a. NH₄⁺, b. NO₂⁻, c. N₂O, d. NO₂.
Problema 52
- Complete the exercises below. Complete and balance the following equations: a. Mg₃N₂ (s) + H₂O (l) → Which ones of these are redox reactions?
Problema 53
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced net ionic equation for each of the following reactions: a. Dilute nitric acid reacts with zinc metal with formation of nitrous oxide. b. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with sulfur with formation of nitrogen dioxide. c. Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes sulfur dioxide with formation of nitric oxide. d. Hydrazine is burned in excess fluorine gas, forming NF₃. e. Hydrazine reduces CrO₄²⁻ to Cr(OH)₄⁻ in base (hydrazine is oxidized to N₂).
Problema 54
- Complete the exercises below. Write complete balanced half-reactions for: a. oxidation of nitrous acid to nitrate ion in acidic solution, b. oxidation of N₂ to N₂O in acidic solution.
Problema 55
- Complete the exercises below. Write complete balanced half-reactions for: a. reduction of nitrate ion to NO in acidic solution, b. oxidation of HNO₂ to NO₂ in acidic solution.
Problema 56
- Complete the exercises below. Write a molecular formula for each compound, and indicate the oxidation state of the group 5A element in each formula: a. phosphorous acid, b. pyrophosphoric acid, c. antimony trichloride, d. magnesium arsenide, e. diphosphorus pentoxide, f. sodium phosphate.
Problema 57
- Complete the exercises below. Write a chemical formula for each compound or ion, and indicate the oxidation state of the group 5A element in each formula: a. phosphate ion, b. arsenous acid, c. antimony(III) sulfide.
Problema 58
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. preparation of white phosphorus from calcium phosphate, b. hydrolysis of PBr₃, c. reduction of PBr₃ to P₄ in the gas phase, using H₂.
Problema 61
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. hydrolysis of PCl₅ b. dehydration of phosphoric acid (also called orthophosphoric acid) to form pyrophosphoric acid.
Problema 62
- Complete the exercises below. Complete and balance the following equations: e. Ca(CN)₂ (s) + HBr (aq) → ?
Problema 65
- Complete the exercises below. Complete and balance the following equations: b. NaHCO₃ (g) + H⁺ (aq) →
Problema 66
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Hydrogen cyanide is formed commercially by passing a mixture of methane, ammonia, and air over a catalyst at 800 °C. Water is a by-product of the reaction. b. Baking soda reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. c. When barium carbonate reacts in air with sulfur dioxide, barium sulfate and carbon dioxide form.
Problema 67
- Complete the exercises below. Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions: a. Burning magnesium metal in a carbon dioxide atmosphere reduces the CO₂ to carbon. b. In photosynthesis, solar energy is used to produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and O₂ from carbon dioxide and water.
Problema 68
- Complete the exercises below. Write the formulas for the following compounds and indicate the oxidation state of the group 4A element or boron in each: a. boric acid, b. silicon tetrabromide, c. lead(II) chloride.
Problema 69
- Complete the exercises below. Select the member of group 4A that best fits each description: a. has the lowest first ionization energy, b. is found in oxidation states ranging from -4 to +4, c. is most abundant in Earth’s crust.
Problema 71
- Complete the exercises below. Select the member of group 4A that best fits each description: a. forms chains to the greatest extent, b. forms the most basic oxide, c. is a metalloid that can form an oxide.
Problema 72
- Speculate on why carbon forms carbonate rather than silicate analogs.
Problema 74
- Complete the exercises below. b. Determine the number of hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of the mineral pyrophyllite, Al₂(Si₂O₅)₂(OH)ₓ.
Problema 75
- Complete the exercises below. a. Determine the number of sodium ions in the chemical formula of albite, NaₓAlSi₃O₈ b. Determine the number of hydroxide ions in the chemical formula of tremolite, Ca₂Mg₅(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)ₓ.
Problema 76
Problema 78a
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
a. Diborane reacts with water to form boric acid and molecular hydrogen.
Problema 78b
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
b. Upon heating, boric acid undergoes a condensation reaction to form tetraboric acid.
Problema 78c
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions:
c. Boron oxide dissolves in water to give a solution of boric acid.