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Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 15th Edition
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Tutti i libri di testoBrown 15th EditionCh.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding TheoriesProblema 11a3
Capitolo 9, Problema 11a3

For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (a) the atomic orbitals (s or p) used to construct the MO (iii)
Contour representations of molecular orbitals for identification of atomic orbitals.

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Observe the contour representations of the molecular orbitals labeled (i), (ii), and (iii).
Identify the shape and orientation of the orbitals in each representation.
For (i), note the combination of two different colored lobes, indicating a bonding molecular orbital formed from p orbitals.
For (ii), observe the four lobes with alternating colors, suggesting an antibonding molecular orbital formed from p orbitals.
For (iii), recognize the single, symmetrical shape around the nuclei, indicating a bonding molecular orbital formed from s orbitals.

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Molecular Orbitals (MOs)

Molecular orbitals are formed by the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) from the constituent atoms in a molecule. They describe regions in a molecule where electrons are likely to be found and can be bonding, antibonding, or non-bonding. Understanding the shape and energy of these orbitals is crucial for predicting molecular behavior and reactivity.
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Molecular Orbital Theory

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic orbitals are mathematical functions that describe the wave-like behavior of electrons in atoms. The most common types are s and p orbitals, where s orbitals are spherical and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped. The combination of these orbitals leads to the formation of molecular orbitals, which are essential for understanding chemical bonding.
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Atomic Orbitals Example

Contour Representation

Contour representations visually depict the shape and distribution of molecular orbitals. These diagrams illustrate regions of high electron density and help identify the contributions of atomic orbitals to the molecular orbitals. Analyzing these representations allows for the identification of the specific atomic orbitals involved in the formation of each molecular orbital.
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Main Group Elements Valence Electrons
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For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (b) the type of MO (s or p) (iii)

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For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (a) the atomic orbitals (s or p) used to construct the MO (i)

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The following is part of a molecular orbital energy-level diagram for MOs constructed from 1s atomic orbitals.

(a) What labels do we use for the two MOs shown?

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The drawing below shows the overlap of two hybrid orbitals to form a bond in a hydrocarbon. (b) Which of the following could be the identity of the hydrocarbon: (i) CH4, (ii) C2H6, (iii) C2H4, or (iv) C2H2?

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For each of these contour representations of molecular orbitals, identify (b) the type of MO (s or p) (i)

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The molecule shown here is called furan. It is represented in the typical shorthand way for organic molecules, with hydrogen atoms not shown, and each of the four vertices representing a carbon atom. e. The bond angles in furan are much smaller than those in benzene. The likely reason is which of the following? i. The hybridization of the carbon atoms in furan is different from that in benzene. ii. Furan does not have another resonance structure equivalent to the one shown here. iii. The atoms are forced to adopt smaller angles in a five-membered ring than in a six-membered ring. [Section 9.5]