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Consider the phylogenetic tree presented in the following figure (Figure 17.17). How were the origins of secondary endosymbiosis in the brown algae determined?
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Ch. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch. 1 - The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution64
- Ch. 2 - Transmission Genetics144
- Ch. 3 - Cell Division and Chromosome Heredity81
- Ch. 4 - Gene Interaction87
- Ch. 5 - Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes103
- Ch. 6 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages73
- Ch. 7 - DNA Structure and Replication71
- Ch. 8 - Molecular Biology of Transcription and RNA Processing79
- Ch. 9 - The Molecular Biology of Translation110
- Ch. 10 - Eukaryotic Chromosome Abnormalities and Molecular Organization100
- Ch. 11 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Homologous Recombination86
- Ch. 12 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria and Bacteriophage90
- Ch. 13 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes38
- Ch. 14 - Analysis of Gene Function via Forward Genetics and Reverse Genetics72
- Ch. 15 - Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Applications69
- Ch. 16 - Genomics: Genetics from a Whole-Genome Perspective49
- Ch. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle Genomes27
- Ch. 18 - Developmental Genetics43
- Ch. 19 - Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits66
- Ch. 20 - Population Genetics and Evolution at the Population, Species, and Molecular Levels105
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Sanders 3rd EditionCh. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle GenomesProblema 7
Sanders 3rd EditionCh. 17 - Organelle Inheritance and the Evolution of Organelle GenomesProblema 7Capitolo 17, Problema 7
What is the evidence that the ancient mitochondrial and chloroplast endosymbionts are related to the alphaproteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
span>Step 1: Understand the endosymbiotic theory, which suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
span>Step 2: Examine the genetic evidence, focusing on the similarities between mitochondrial DNA and alphaproteobacteria, and chloroplast DNA and cyanobacteria.
span>Step 3: Analyze the structural evidence, noting that mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes, similar to those of gram-negative bacteria like alphaproteobacteria and cyanobacteria.
span>Step 4: Consider the biochemical evidence, such as the presence of similar ribosomes and the process of binary fission in mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are characteristic of bacteria.
span>Step 5: Review phylogenetic studies that use molecular data to show the evolutionary relationships between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and their bacterial relatives.
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Endosymbiotic Theory
The endosymbiotic theory posits that certain organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from free-living prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. This theory explains how these organelles have retained their own DNA and replicate independently of the cell, supporting the idea of a symbiotic relationship that led to the evolution of complex cells.
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04:11
Organelle DNA Characteristics
Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA, similar to that of bacteria, which is distinct from the linear DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. This DNA is more closely related to the genomes of alphaproteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, providing genetic evidence for their evolutionary origins and supporting the endosymbiotic theory.
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04:11Organelle DNA Characteristics
Phylogenetic Analysis
Phylogenetic analysis involves comparing genetic sequences to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms. By analyzing the DNA sequences of mitochondria and chloroplasts alongside those of alphaproteobacteria and cyanobacteria, scientists can construct phylogenetic trees that illustrate their relatedness, reinforcing the idea that these organelles evolved from specific bacterial ancestors.
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08:16Phylogenetic Trees
Pratica correlata
Domanda del libro di testo
Outline the steps required for a gene originally present in the endosymbiont genome to be transferred to the nuclear genome and be expressed, and for its product to be targeted back to the organelle of origin.
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Draw a graph depicting the relative amounts of nuclear DNA present in the different stages of the cell cycle (G₁,S,G₂,M). On the same graph, plot the amount of mitochondrial DNA present at each stage of the cell cycle.
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What is the evidence that transfer of DNA from the organelles to the nucleus continues to occur?
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You are a genetic counselor, and several members of the family whose pedigree for an inherited disorder is depicted in Genetic Analysis 17.2 consult with you about the probability that their progeny may be afflicted. What advice would you give individuals III-1, III-2, III-4, III-6, III-8, and III-9?
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What are the differences between the universal code and that found in the mitochondria of some species? Given that some changes (UGA =stop→Trp) have occurred multiple independent times in evolution, can you think of any selective advantage to the mitochondrial code?
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