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Ch. 9 - The Molecular Biology of Translation
Sanders - Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach 3rd Edition
Sanders3rd EditionGenetic Analysis: An Integrated ApproachISBN: 9780135564172Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Tutti i libri di testoSanders 3rd EditionCh. 9 - The Molecular Biology of TranslationProblema 31b
Capitolo 9, Problema 31b

A portion of the coding strand of DNA for a gene has the sequence
5′-...GGAGAGAATGAATCT...-3′
Assuming the mRNA is in the correct reading frame, write the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide using three-letter abbreviations and, separately, the amino acid sequence using one-letter abbreviations.

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1
Identify the coding strand of DNA provided: 5′-GGAGAGAATGAATCT-3′. Remember, the coding strand is complementary to the template strand and has the same sequence as the mRNA (except thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA).
Transcribe the coding strand into mRNA by replacing thymine (T) with uracil (U). The mRNA sequence will be 5′-GGAGAGAAUGAAUCU-3′.
Divide the mRNA sequence into codons (groups of three nucleotides). For this sequence, the codons are: GGA, GAG, AAU, GAA, UCU.
Use the genetic code table to translate each codon into its corresponding amino acid. For example, GGA codes for Glycine (Gly), GAG codes for Glutamic acid (Glu), and so on. Write the amino acid sequence using three-letter abbreviations.
Convert the three-letter amino acid sequence into one-letter abbreviations. For example, Glycine (Gly) becomes G, Glutamic acid (Glu) becomes E, and so on.

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DNA and RNA Transcription

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). The coding strand of DNA serves as a template for mRNA synthesis, where adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). Understanding this process is crucial for translating DNA sequences into mRNA, which is the first step in protein synthesis.
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RNA

Translation and the Genetic Code

Translation is the process by which the mRNA sequence is decoded to synthesize a polypeptide chain, which will fold into a functional protein. The genetic code consists of codons, which are three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids. Familiarity with the genetic code is essential for converting mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences using both three-letter and one-letter abbreviations.
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The Genetic Code

Amino Acid Abbreviations

Amino acids can be represented using three-letter and one-letter abbreviations, which are standardized symbols used in biochemistry. For example, alanine is represented as 'Ala' in three-letter form and 'A' in one-letter form. Understanding these abbreviations is important for accurately conveying protein sequences in scientific communication.
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tRNA
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Domanda del libro di testo

A DNA sequence encoding a five-amino acid polypeptide is given below.

...ACGGCAAGATCCCACCCTAATCAGACCGTACCATTCACCTCCT...

...TGCCGTTCTAGGGTGGGATTAGTCTGGCATGGTAAGTGGAGGA...

What is the function of the Shine–Dalgarno sequence?

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Domanda del libro di testo

A portion of the coding strand of DNA for a gene has the sequence

5′-...GGAGAGAATGAATCT...-3′

Write out the template DNA strand sequence and polarity as well as the mRNA sequence and polarity for this gene segment.

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Domanda del libro di testo

A eukaryotic mRNA has the following sequence. The 5' cap is indicated in italics (CAP), and the 3' poly(A) tail is indicated by italicized adenines.

5′-CAPCCAAGCGUUACAUGUAUGGAGAGAAUGAAACUGAGGCUUGCCACGUUUGUUAAGCACCUAUGCUACCGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-3′

Locate the start codon and stop codon in this sequence.

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Domanda del libro di testo

A DNA sequence encoding a five-amino acid polypeptide is given below.

...ACGGCAAGATCCCACCCTAATCAGACCGTACCATTCACCTCCT...

...TGCCGTTCTAGGGTGGGATTAGTCTGGCATGGTAAGTGGAGGA...

Assuming the sequence above is a bacterial gene, identify the region encoding the Shine–Dalgarno sequence.

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Domanda del libro di testo

A eukaryotic mRNA has the following sequence. The 5' cap is indicated in italics (CAP), and the 3' poly(A) tail is indicated by italicized adenines.

5′-CAPCCAAGCGUUACAUGUAUGGAGAGAAUGAAACUGAGGCUUGCCACGUUUGUUAAGCACCUAUGCUACCGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA-3′

Determine the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide produced from this mRNA. Write the sequence using the three-letter and one-letter abbreviations for amino acids.

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Domanda del libro di testo

Diagram a eukaryotic gene containing three exons and two introns, the pre-mRNA and mature mRNA transcript of the gene, and a partial polypeptide that contains the following sequences and features. Carefully align the nucleic acids, and locate each sequence or feature on the appropriate molecule.

a. The AG and GU dinucleotides corresponding to intron-exon junctions
b. The +1 nucleotide
c. The 5' UTR and the 3' UTR
d. The start codon sequence
e. A stop codon sequence
f. A codon sequence for the amino acids Gly-His-Arg at the end of exon 1 and a codon sequence for the amino acids Leu-Trp-Ala at the beginning of exon 2

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