Domanda del libro di testo
What kind of biological function would each of the following proteins perform?
a. Human growth hormone
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Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187
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TOC.tableOfContents
- Ch.1 Matter and Measurements27
- Ch.2 Atoms and the Periodic Table20
- Ch.3 Ionic Compounds8
- Ch.4 Molecular Compounds23
- Ch.5 Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions12
- Ch.6 Chemical Reactions: Mole and Mass Relationships28
- Ch.7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rate and Equilibrium64
- Ch.8 Gases, Liquids and Solids24
- Ch.9 Solutions52
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases25
- Ch.11 Nuclear Chemistry22
- Ch.12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes57
- Ch.13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds47
- Ch.14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen50
- Ch.15 Aldehydes and Ketones45
- Ch.16 Amines42
- Ch.17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives57
- Ch.18 Amino Acids and Proteins82
- Ch.19 Enzymes and Vitamins63
- Ch.20 Carbohydrates44
- Ch.21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy65
- Ch.22 Carbohydrate Metabolism45
- Ch.23 Lipids42
- Ch.24 Lipid Metabolism33
- Ch.25 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism24
- Ch.26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis45
McMurry8th EditionFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9780134015187Non è quello che usi tu?Cambia libro di testo
Capitolo 18, Problema 39
Threonine has two chiral centers. Draw L-threonine and indicate which carbon atoms are chiral. Which carbon atom is responsible for D and L configuration?
Guida verificata passo dopo passo1
Understand the structure of threonine: Threonine is an amino acid with the molecular formula C4H9NO3. It contains an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydroxyl group (-OH), and a side chain with a methyl group (-CH3).
Identify the chiral centers: A chiral center is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different groups. In threonine, examine each carbon atom to determine which ones meet this criterion. You will find that the second carbon (C2, the alpha carbon) and the third carbon (C3) are chiral centers.
Draw the structure of l-threonine: Use the Fischer projection to represent the molecule. Place the amino group (-NH2) on the left, the carboxyl group (-COOH) at the top, the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the right, and the methyl group (-CH3) at the bottom. Ensure the configuration corresponds to the l-isomer, which is based on the orientation of the amino group relative to the chiral alpha carbon (C2).
Determine which carbon atom is responsible for d and l configuration: The d and l configuration is determined by the orientation of the groups around the alpha carbon (C2). Specifically, the position of the amino group (-NH2) relative to the other groups determines whether the molecule is in the d or l configuration.
Label the chiral carbons: Clearly indicate the two chiral carbons (C2 and C3) in your drawing. Highlight that the alpha carbon (C2) is the one responsible for the d and l configuration, while the other chiral carbon (C3) contributes to the overall stereochemistry of the molecule.
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Concetti chiave
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Chirality
Chirality refers to the geometric property of a molecule having non-superimposable mirror images, much like left and right hands. A chiral center, typically a carbon atom, is bonded to four different substituents, leading to two distinct configurations known as enantiomers. In the case of threonine, the presence of two chiral centers means it can exist in multiple stereoisomeric forms.
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1:39
Chirality Example 1
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry is the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this affects their chemical behavior. It encompasses concepts such as enantiomers and diastereomers, which are types of stereoisomers. Understanding stereochemistry is crucial for identifying the specific three-dimensional orientations of the chiral centers in threonine and determining its optical activity.
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1:30D vs L Enantiomers Concept 1
D and L Configuration
The D and L configuration system is a way to denote the stereochemistry of amino acids based on the orientation of the amino group relative to the chiral carbon furthest from the carboxyl group. In threonine, the specific arrangement of its chiral centers determines whether it is classified as D-threonine or L-threonine. This classification is essential for understanding the biological roles of amino acids in proteins.
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1:30D vs L Enantiomers Concept 1
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Domanda del libro di testo
Cell membranes are studded with proteins. Some of these proteins, involved in the transport of molecules across the membrane into the cell, span the entire membrane and are called transmembrane proteins. The interior of the cell membrane is hydrophobic and nonpolar, whereas both the extracellular and intracellular fluids are water-based.
a. List three amino acids you would expect to find in the part of a transmembrane protein that lies within the cell membrane.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Compare and contrast the characteristics of fibrous and globular proteins. Consider biological function, water solubility, amino acid composition, secondary structure, and tertiary structure. Give examples of three fibrous and three globular proteins. (Hint: Make a table.)
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Domanda del libro di testo
What kind of biological function would each of the following proteins perform?
c. Protease
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Draw the hexapeptide Asp-Gly-Phe-Leu-Glu-Ala in linear form showing all of the atoms, and show (using dotted lines) the hydrogen bonding that stabilizes this structure if it is part of an α-helix.
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Domanda del libro di testo
Name four biological functions of proteins in the human body, and give an example of a protein for each function.
441
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