Which of the following would you expect to see in acute infection by a Gram-negative bacterium? Select all that apply.
a. Pyrexia
b. Decreased lymphocytes
c. Neutrophilic lymphocytosis
d. Decreased monocytes
e. Increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Pick which statements are true, then correct all false statements, so they are also true.

a. Redness, pain, fever, and swelling characterize inflammation.

b. Granulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes.

c. Pyrogens induce fever.

d. Adaptive and innate immune responses are completely independent from one another.

e. The innate immune responses occur faster than adaptive responses.

f. Monocytes are highly phagocytic cells.

g. Complement cascades share the same outcomes: opsonization, cytolysis, and fever.

Which of the following would you not expect to see in the first stage of inflammation?

a. Histamine

b. Kinins

c. Macrophages

d. Increased blood vessel permeability

e. Eicosanoids

Which of the following would most directly reduce fever? Select all that apply.

a. Limiting the number of circulating white blood cells

b. Reducing eicosanoid production

c. Inhibiting pyrogenic cytokines

d. Stimulating the action of prostaglandins

e. Administering antihistamines

Which of the following would you expect to see increased in circulation in a patient suffering from allergies? Select all that apply.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Classify each defense as either first-line, second-line cellular, or second-line molecular:

Inflammation

Neutrophils

Skin

Antimicrobial peptides

Lysozyme

Stomach acid

Eosinophils

Fever

Complement proteins

Mucus

Iron-binding proteins

Phagocytosis

The ____________ cascade of complement activation is initiated by antibodies. In contrast, the ____________ cascade is activated by a direct interaction with complement proteins, and the ____________ cascade is activated by MBL associating with a pathogen.