Which mechanistic explanation best links caffeine ingestion to delayed fatigue during prolonged endurance exercise?

Caffeine increases insulin secretion leading to immediate replenishment of muscle glycogen during exercise so the athlete does not deplete carbohydrate stores

Caffeine acts purely as a diuretic to reduce body mass rapidly prior to endurance competition, which directly improves oxygen delivery to working muscles

Caffeine blocks creatine kinase activity which prevents ATP breakdown and therefore preserves energy availability for the later stages of an endurance event

Caffeine reduces the perception of effort while increasing reliance on fat oxidation, thereby sparing muscle glycogen stores and delaying exhaustion during prolonged exercise