Which combination of attributes would most increase your confidence that a nutrition finding is robust and applicable to clinical advice?

Peer-reviewed publication, human randomized trials with adequate sample size, similar participant demographics to the target population, independent replication, and transparent funding disclosures without vested commercial interests.

Single small animal study with dramatic effect size, press release from a commercial sponsor, and no available conflict of interest statement.

Study funded by the manufacturer that shows no conflict of interest because researchers are independent by title only and therefore the funding is irrelevant.

Highly shareable influencer post showing before-and-after pictures, paid ads, and enthusiastic testimonials from product buyers.