Which measurement tool and approach would directly quantify joint range of motion for a knee extension assessment in a clinical or lab setting?

Apply bioelectrical impedance analysis to the quadriceps region, because electricity flow speed is a direct surrogate for joint range of motion.

Measure heart rate response during a maximal sprint to infer knee joint ROM indirectly, because cardiovascular response always indicates muscular flexibility.

Use a goniometer to measure the angular displacement across the knee joint while the participant performs an active or passive extension test, ensuring consistent anatomical landmarks and test position.

Use skinfold calipers at the anterior thigh to estimate hamstring flexibility because subcutaneous fat thickness correlates directly with joint mobility.