Course Overview

This study guide summarizes the key objectives and terminology for BIOL 1220: Anatomy & Physiology I. It is designed to help students prepare for lecture tests, exams, and laboratory activities by integrating essential concepts and vocabulary from each chapter.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Levels of Organization and Body Systems

Anatomy and physiology are foundational sciences that explore the structure and function of the human body. Understanding the levels of organization and the major body systems is essential for further study.

• Levels of Organization: Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

• Major Body Systems: Briefly identify the components and major functions of each system (e.g., circulatory, respiratory, nervous, etc.).

• Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment; involves negative feedback systems.

• Directional Terms: Used to describe body directions, regions, planes, and sections.

Key Terms: anatomy, physiology, gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, cytology, histology, homeostasis, anatomical position, axial/appendicular parts, sagittal/coronal/transverse planes, dorsal/ventral cavities.

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life

Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules

Chemistry underlies all physiological processes. Understanding atomic structure, chemical bonds, and biological molecules is crucial for studying cellular function.

• Elements: List the four elements that form the majority of the body (C, H, O, N).

• Chemical Bonds: Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds.

• Organic Molecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

• Water and pH: Importance of water, acids, bases, buffers.

Key Terms: kinetic energy, potential energy, ionic/covalent/hydrogen bonds, hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, electrolytes, acids, bases, pH, buffer, polymer, carbohydrate, lipid, triglyceride, protein, amino acid, denaturation, enzyme, substrate, nucleic acid, DNA, RNA, nucleotide, ATP, phosphorylation.

Chapter 3: Cells and Their Functions

Cell Structure and Membrane Transport

The cell is the basic unit of life. Understanding cell structure, membrane composition, and transport mechanisms is fundamental to physiology.

• Cell Membrane: Fluid mosaic model, phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohydrates.

• Membrane Transport: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, vesicular transport.

• Cell Organelles: Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton.

• Cell Cycle: Mitosis, cytokinesis, apoptosis.

Key Terms: plasma membrane, phospholipid, cholesterol, integral/peripheral proteins, tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, osmosis, tonicity, hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic, facilitated diffusion, Na+/K+ pump, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, membrane potential, cytoplasm, organelles, cytoskeleton, microfilaments, microtubules, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli, G1/S/G2 phases, mitosis stages, apoptosis.

Chapter 4: Tissues

Classification and Characteristics of Tissues

Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function. The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

• Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands; classified by cell shape and layers.

• Connective Tissue: Supports, protects, binds other tissues; includes bone, cartilage, blood, adipose.

• Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement; types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

• Nervous Tissue: Conducts electrical impulses; consists of neurons and neuroglia.

Key Terms: epithelial tissue, apical/basal surface, basement membrane, squamous/cuboidal/columnar, gland, connective tissue, ECM, collagen, elastic/reticular fibers, cartilage, bone, adipose, blood, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, cutaneous/mucous/serous membranes.

Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Structure and Function of Skin

The integumentary system protects the body and regulates temperature. It consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands.

• Layers of Skin: Epidermis (strata), dermis (papillary/reticular), subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis).

• Cells of Epidermis: Keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, tactile cells.

• Glands: Sweat (eccrine/apocrine), sebaceous (oil).

• Temperature Regulation: Role of sweat glands, blood vessels, and thermoregulatory centers.

Key Terms: integumentary system, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, keratinocyte, melanocyte, stratum basale/spinosum/granulosum/lucidum/corneum, papillary/reticular dermis, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, thermoregulatory centers.

Chapter 6: Skeletal System - Bone Tissue

Structure, Function, and Growth of Bone

The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement. Bone tissue is dynamic and undergoes growth and remodeling throughout life.

• Bone Classification: Long, short, flat, irregular bones.

• Bone Structure: Compact/spongy bone, diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum.

• Bone Cells: Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.

• Bone Growth: Appositional/interstitial growth, endochondral/intramembranous ossification.

• Bone Remodeling: Hormonal and mechanical factors.

Key Terms: bone, compact/spongy bone, diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast, ossification, hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus.

Chapter 7: The Skeleton

Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

The skeleton is divided into axial (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage) and appendicular (limbs, girdles) components. Bones will be studied in detail in the laboratory.

• Axial Skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage.

• Appendicular Skeleton: Limbs, pectoral/pelvic girdles.

Key Terms: axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, bone markings, joints.

Chapter 8: Joints

Classification and Movement of Joints

Joints (articulations) connect bones and allow for movement. They are classified by structure and function.

• Functional Classification: Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable).

• Structural Classification: Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints.

• Synovial Joints: Structure, types, movements (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, etc.).

Key Terms: articulation, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis, fibrous/cartilaginous/synovial joints, joint capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursae, tendon sheath, plane/hinge/pivot/condylar/saddle/ball-and-socket joints, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction.

Sample Table: Classification of Joints

Additional info:

• Some objectives and key terms are covered in laboratory sessions and may be self-study.

• Students are responsible for integrating key terms with objectives and for any additional information presented by the instructor.