$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on stroke volume, assuming all other factors remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Stroke volume decreases because the heart must work against a higher pressure.

Question 2

A patient is given a drug that acts as a β-adrenergic agonist. Which of the following changes would you expect in their cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

CO increases due to increased heart rate and contractility.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents mean arterial pressure (MAP) in terms of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = CO 	imes TPR$$

Question 4

A patient with aortic valve insufficiency is likely to experience which of the following changes in diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?

Accepted Answer

DBP decreases due to increased aortic runoff.

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms is the primary method for the net movement of nutrients and gases across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Question 6

If the radius of a blood vessel is halved, how does this affect the resistance to blood flow, according to Poiseuille’s law?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by a factor of 16.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why capillaries have the slowest blood flow velocity in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

They have the largest total cross-sectional area.

Question 8

A patient stands up quickly from a supine position. Which immediate cardiovascular response is expected due to the baroreceptor reflex?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

Question 9

Which formula correctly calculates ejection fraction (EF)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

Question 11

Which of the following would most likely cause edema?

Accepted Answer

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

Accepted Answer

It increases TPR by causing vasoconstriction.

Question 13

A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (such as atropine) will have which effect on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Increase heart rate by inhibiting parasympathetic effects

Question 14

Which of the following equations correctly relates flow (Q), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance (R)?

Accepted Answer

$$Q = \Delta P / R$$

Question 15

Which of the following is the primary determinant of diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?

Accepted Answer

Vascular resistance

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely increase venous return to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory pump activity

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of pericytes in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They decrease capillary permeability and can differentiate into other cell types.

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding bulk flow across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

It distributes extracellular fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 19

If a patient’s end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 120 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 mL, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 mL$$

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely occur if all precapillary sphincters in a tissue were closed?

Accepted Answer

Blood would bypass the capillary bed via metarterioles.

L20 Blood Flow

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