Question 1

Which component of blood is responsible for the majority of its viscosity and why?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocytes, because their high concentration and biconcave shape increase resistance to flow.

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory tests reveal a low hematocrit and microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the process of erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

It is the production of red blood cells from hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow.

Question 4

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin, produced in the kidneys

Question 5

A blood sample is centrifuged as shown in the first image. Which layer contains the majority of leukocytes and platelets, and what is this layer called?

Accepted Answer

The thin middle layer; called the buffy coat

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why mature erythrocytes lack mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

To prevent the use of oxygen they transport for ATP production

Question 7

A patient with a genetic mutation resulting in abnormal hemoglobin that causes RBCs to become crescent-shaped under low oxygen conditions is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 9

Which plasma protein is most abundant and plays a major role in maintaining osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 10

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which of the following is the most immediate and dangerous consequence?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's antibodies agglutinate the donor's RBCs, causing hemolysis and possible renal failure.

Question 11

Which white blood cell type is most numerous and is primarily responsible for phagocytizing bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 12

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin B12 absorption due to lack of intrinsic factor is most likely to develop which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They form a temporary plug by adhering to exposed collagen fibers and releasing chemical messengers.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the plasma protein fibrinogen?

Accepted Answer

Forming the structural framework of a blood clot

Question 15

A patient living at high altitude develops an increased hematocrit. Which physiological mechanism best explains this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoietin production in response to hypoxia

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme portion of hemoglobin after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is degraded to bilirubin, which is excreted in bile.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

Type AB individuals have no plasma antibodies against A or B antigens.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why a second exposure to Rh+ blood in an Rh– individual can cause a severe transfusion reaction?

Accepted Answer

Anti-Rh antibodies are already present and rapidly attack the Rh+ RBCs.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Mounting immune responses by direct cell attack or via antibodies

Question 20

A patient with a platelet count of 30,000/mm³ is at risk for which condition?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia, leading to spontaneous bleeding and petechiae

Blood: Structure, Function, and Disorders – Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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