$$\text{Bone formation rate} = \text{Bone resorption rate}$$

$$\text{Ca}^{2+} + \text{PO}_4$$^{3-}$$ \rightarrow \text{Ca}_{10}(\text{PO}_4)_6(\text{OH})_2$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones

Question 2

Which bone class is characterized by being longer than it is wide, and can be exemplified by the humerus?

Accepted Answer

Long bone

Question 3

Which part of a long bone contains the yellow bone marrow in adults?

Accepted Answer

Medullary cavity

Question 4

What is the main difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow contains hematopoietic cells, while yellow marrow stores triglycerides.

Question 5

Which mineral is most abundantly stored in bone and is essential for muscle contraction and nerve function?

Accepted Answer

Calcium

Question 6

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption

Question 7

Which structure allows communication and resource exchange between osteocytes in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Canaliculi

Question 8

Which process describes the formation of bone from a membrane of embryonic connective tissue, and is responsible for forming the skull and clavicles?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification

Question 9

During longitudinal growth, which zone of the epiphyseal plate contains actively dividing chondrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proliferation

Question 10

Which hormone increases both longitudinal and appositional bone growth, and is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 11

A patient presents with short limbs and facial abnormalities due to a gene defect affecting hyaline cartilage. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Achondroplasia

Question 12

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone formation and bone resorption in healthy adult bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Bone formation rate} = 	ext{Bone resorption rate}$$

Question 13

Which factor is essential for the synthesis of collagen fibers in the organic matrix of bone?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 14

Which type of fracture involves damage to the skin and tissues surrounding the broken bone?

Accepted Answer

Compound fracture

Question 15

What is the correct sequence of events in bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → bone callus formation → bone remodeling

Question 16

Which structure is found in spongy bone and provides a protective structure for bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Trabeculae

Question 17

Which hormone accelerates closure of the epiphyseal plate at a faster rate than testosterone?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen

Question 18

Which equation represents the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Ca}^{2+} + 	ext{PO}_4$$^{3-}$$ ightarrow 	ext{Ca}_{10}(	ext{PO}_4)_6(	ext{OH})_2$$

Question 19

Which bone cell is responsible for secreting hydrogen ions and enzymes to break down bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 20

Which process increases the width of bone by laying down new circumferential lamellae?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth

Bones and Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Growth

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