Q: Which of the following equations represents the negative feedback loop for blood calcium regulation involving PTH?

$$\text{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} \rightarrow \text{PTH release} \rightarrow \text{Osteoclast activation} \rightarrow \text{Increase } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones for metabolism

Question 2

A patient with leukemia is scheduled for a bone marrow transplant. Which bone is most commonly used for bone marrow harvest in adults?

Accepted Answer

Pelvic bone

Question 3

Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is the main mechanism by which it accomplishes this?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts; by secreting hydrogen ions and enzymes

Question 4

Which equation best represents the mineral composition of hydroxyapatite crystals found in bone?

Accepted Answer

$$Ca_{10}(PO_4$)_6(OH)_2$$

Question 5

A child presents with shortened limbs and a long trunk. Genetic testing reveals a mutation affecting cartilage growth factor receptors. Which process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification

Question 6

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is characterized by actively dividing chondrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Zone of proliferation

Question 7

During bone repair after a fracture, which sequence of events is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → Soft callus formation → Bone callus formation → Remodeling

Question 8

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones from a mesenchymal membrane, while endochondral ossification forms long bones from a hyaline cartilage model.

Question 10

Which structure in compact bone contains blood vessels and nerves and is lined by endosteum?

Accepted Answer

Central (Haversian) canal

Question 11

A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for fractures due to which of the following changes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Decreased organic matrix in the ECM

Question 12

Which of the following bones is classified as a sesamoid bone?

Accepted Answer

Patella

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the thickening of bones after longitudinal growth has ceased?

Accepted Answer

Appositional growth

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why infants and young children have mostly red bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Their rapid growth rate requires increased hematopoiesis.

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of excess growth hormone secretion after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of osteocalcin in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

It binds to calcium ions and hydroxyapatite crystals to organize the inorganic matrix.

Question 17

Which of the following equations represents the negative feedback loop for blood calcium regulation involving PTH?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Low } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood} ightarrow 	ext{PTH release} ightarrow 	ext{Osteoclast activation} ightarrow 	ext{Increase } [Ca$$^{2+}$$]_{blood}$$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

It is organized into branching trabeculae and contains no central canals.

Question 19

A fracture in which a tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone is called:

Accepted Answer

Avulsion fracture

Chapter 6 Skeletal Tissue :Bones and Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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