Question 1

Which structure is depicted in the first image, and what is its primary function in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid bilayer; acts as a selective barrier regulating entry and exit of substances.

Question 2

Which property allows the phospholipid bilayer to form the structure shown in image 1?

Accepted Answer

Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads arrange themselves to minimize energy.

Question 3

In the context of membrane proteins, which function is illustrated by the enzyme in image 2?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing chemical reactions at the membrane surface.

Question 4

Which membrane protein function is essential for tissue formation, as shown in image 2?

Accepted Answer

Linking adjacent cells via linker proteins.

Question 5

What distinguishes channel proteins from carrier proteins, as shown in image 3?

Accepted Answer

Channel proteins allow passive movement of specific solutes, while carrier proteins undergo shape changes to transport solutes.

Question 6

Which process is illustrated in image 4, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; water moves from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Question 7

Based on image 5, what happens to a red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

Accepted Answer

The cell loses water and shrivels (crenates).

Question 8

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, as shown in image 5, what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will gain water and may burst (lyse).

Question 9

Which equation best describes the relationship between osmotic pressure ($$\Pi$$), solute concentration ($$C$$), gas constant ($$R$$), and temperature ($$T$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = CRT$$

Question 10

Which transport mechanism is illustrated in image 6, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport; moves Na$$^+$$ out and K$$^+$$ into the cell using ATP.

Question 11

In the sodium-potassium pump cycle (image 6), what is the stoichiometry of Na$$^+$$ and K$$^+$$ ions transported per ATP hydrolyzed?

Accepted Answer

3 Na$$^+$$ out, 2 K$$^+ in $$per ATP hydrolyzed.

Question 12

Which process is depicted in image 7, and how does it differ from primary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport; uses the Na$$^+$$ gradient created by primary active transport to move glucose into the cell.

Question 13

What is the main source of membrane potential as shown in image 8?

Accepted Answer

Separation of charges across the plasma membrane, with cytosol being more negative than ECF.

Question 14

Which equation represents the resting membrane potential ($$V_m) in $$terms of ion concentrations and permeability?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{out} + [Na^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in} + [Na^+]_{in}} \right)$$

Question 15

Which process is illustrated in image 9, and what is its biological significance?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis; allows immune cells to ingest and destroy pathogens.

Question 16

A cell is exposed to a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytosol. Which term best describes this solution, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing DNA.

Question 18

Which real-world scenario best illustrates the importance of membrane transport in medical treatment?

Accepted Answer

Administering IV fluids to treat dehydration, ensuring the solution is isotonic to prevent cellular damage.

Cell Membranes and Transport: Structure and Function

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