Question 1

Which structure in the brainstem is primarily responsible for relaying motor output from the cerebral cortex to the pons and sensory input from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and is also involved in eye movement and response to auditory stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Midbrain

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of balance and difficulty coordinating voluntary movements. Damage to which of the following structures is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 3

Which of the following substances can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) most easily?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen

Question 4

The decussation of pyramids in the medulla oblongata explains why:

Accepted Answer

The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Accepted Answer

Initiating voluntary muscle contraction

Question 6

A lesion in the precentral gyrus would most likely result in which of the following deficits?

Accepted Answer

Impaired voluntary motor control

Question 7

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for facial expression and the secretion of saliva and tears?

Accepted Answer

Facial (VII)

Question 8

The dorsal root ganglion contains:

Accepted Answer

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of white and gray matter in the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter is central, white matter is peripheral

Question 10

A patient is unable to feel pain or temperature on the left side of their body after a stroke. Which pathway is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Contralateral somatosensory pathway

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Regulating body temperature and circadian rhythms

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the limbic system?

Accepted Answer

Processing of emotions and memory

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

It can both excite and inhibit effectors such as smooth muscle and glands

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a person with damage to the right primary motor cortex may experience paralysis on the left side of the body?

Accepted Answer

Motor tracts decussate at the medulla oblongata

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct order of structures that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) passes through, starting from its formation?

Accepted Answer

Lateral ventricles → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → subarachnoid space

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the superior cerebellar peduncles?

Accepted Answer

Carry axons from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain and to the thalamus

Question 17

Which of the following is a diagnostic reflex that, when exaggerated, may indicate damage to higher centers of the brain or spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Patellar reflex

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

Major relay station for most sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is formed by astrocytes with tight junctions

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the basal ganglia?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of initiation and termination of movements

Central, Peripheral, and Autonomic Nervous Systems: Structure and Function

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