Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They support neurons by regulating the extracellular environment and maintaining the blood-brain barrier.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness and loss of coordination. MRI reveals multiple areas of demyelination in the CNS. Which disease is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential of a neuron is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is approximately $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}$$, with the inside of the cell being more negative than the outside.

Question 4

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell.

Question 5

Which type of neuron is most commonly found in the retina of the eye and is characterized by having one axon and one dendrite?

Accepted Answer

Bipolar neuron

Question 6

A graded potential differs from an action potential in that a graded potential:

Accepted Answer

Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing and decreases in magnitude with distance.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelin allows action potentials to jump from node to node via saltatory conduction.

Question 8

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the neuromuscular junction and is broken down by acetylcholinesterase?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 9

A neuron receives simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The process by which it integrates these signals to determine whether to fire an action potential is called:

Accepted Answer

Summation

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in neurons?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell, maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Question 11

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the rapid, conscious movement of the skeletal muscles involved in this response?

Accepted Answer

Somatic nervous system

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events at a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

Action potential arrives at axon terminal → Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open → Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the absolute refractory period of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

A period when no stimulus, no matter how strong, can initiate another action potential.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of microglial cells in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Acting as immune defense cells by phagocytizing debris and pathogens

Question 15

A neuron with a single process that divides into peripheral and central branches is classified as:

Accepted Answer

Unipolar (pseudounipolar)

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result in hyperpolarization of a neuron's membrane?

Accepted Answer

Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is classified as a peptide and acts as a natural opiate to reduce pain perception?

Accepted Answer

Endorphin

Question 18

If a neuron is unable to generate an action potential, which of the following is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

The neuron is in the absolute refractory period.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It mobilizes body systems during activity, such as increasing heart rate and dilating pupils.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for terminating neurotransmitter effects at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

Continuous stimulation by the presynaptic neuron

Chapter 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue

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