Q: Which of the following equations best represents the process of clonal selection and expansion in B cells?

$$\text{Antigen} + \text{Naive B cell} \rightarrow \text{Activated B cell} \rightarrow \text{Plasma cells} + \text{Memory B cells}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immune defenses?

Accepted Answer

Innate defenses respond quickly and are present at birth, while adaptive defenses are slower and require prior exposure to specific antigens.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing dead or attenuated pathogens. Which type of immunity is being induced?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Directly lysing infected cells

Question 4

During the inflammatory response, which chemical is primarily responsible for vasodilation and increased capillary permeability?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 5

A person with a genetic defect in the adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme is likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies or complement proteins coat a pathogen, enhancing its recognition and ingestion by phagocytes.

Question 7

Which class of MHC protein is recognized by CD8 cytotoxic T cells and is found on all nucleated cells except red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Class I MHC

Question 8

A patient is exposed to poison ivy and develops a rash 48 hours later. Which type of hypersensitivity is this?

Accepted Answer

Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T (TH) cells in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They activate both B cells and cytotoxic T cells by releasing cytokines.

Question 10

Which of the following equations best represents the process of clonal selection and expansion in B cells?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Antigen} + 	ext{Naive B cell} ightarrow 	ext{Activated B cell} ightarrow 	ext{Plasma cells} + 	ext{Memory B cells}$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a real-world example of passive, naturally acquired humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

A child receives antibodies from breast milk.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why a secondary immune response is faster and more effective than a primary response?

Accepted Answer

Memory B and T cells are present and can respond rapidly to the same antigen.

Question 13

A patient receives a kidney transplant from a genetically unrelated donor. Which type of graft is this, and what is a major risk?

Accepted Answer

Allograft; risk of rejection due to immune response against non-self MHC proteins

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which cytotoxic T (TC) cells kill infected cells?

Accepted Answer

They release perforin to form pores in the target cell membrane, allowing granzymes to enter and trigger apoptosis.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of interferons in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They warn neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins that block viral replication.

Question 16

A patient with multiple sclerosis is experiencing an autoimmune attack on their nervous system. Which mechanism could explain the development of this autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

Foreign antigens resembling self-antigens lead to cross-reactivity of antibodies.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of negative selection in T cell maturation?

Accepted Answer

T cells that bind strongly to self-antigens are eliminated by apoptosis to prevent autoimmunity.

Question 18

Which of the following equations best represents the activation of complement leading to cell lysis?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{C5b} + 	ext{C6} + 	ext{C7} + 	ext{C8} + 	ext{C9} ightarrow 	ext{MAC (membrane attack complex)} ightarrow 	ext{Cell lysis}$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies, while T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and do not secrete antibodies.

Chapter 21: The Immune System – Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses

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