Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They recognize specific-shaped molecules on pathogens and trigger immune responses.

Question 2

A patient receives a mismatched blood transfusion and develops a rapid immune response. Which type of hypersensitivity is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic (Type II) hypersensitivity

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Suppresses the adaptive immune response

Question 4

Which antibody class is the first to be released during a primary immune response and is a potent agglutinating agent?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 5

A child is born with a genetic defect resulting in a marked deficit of both B and T cells. Which condition does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why HIV is particularly difficult for the immune system to defeat?

Accepted Answer

It destroys helper T cells and has a high mutation rate, allowing it to evade immune detection.

Question 7

Which process describes the coating of pathogens with complement proteins or antibodies to enhance phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 8

A patient is exposed to hepatitis A and receives an injection of gamma globulin (antibodies) for immediate protection. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 9

Which of the following is a key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present at birth and acts rapidly, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops after exposure.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells?

Accepted Answer

They release perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells.

Question 11

A person develops an autoimmune disease after a streptococcal infection because antibodies against the bacteria cross-react with heart tissue. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Foreign antigens resembled self-antigens, leading to cross-reactivity.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

Activate B cells and other T cells by releasing cytokines

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding the role of fever in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Fever enhances the migration of T lymphocytes and monocytes into lymph nodes.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of positive selection during T cell maturation?

Accepted Answer

T cells that recognize self-MHC proteins survive.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of complete antigens?

Accepted Answer

They have immunogenicity and reactivity.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in phagocyte mobilization during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis → Margination → Diapedesis → Chemotaxis

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of the complement system?

Accepted Answer

Amplifying inflammation and lysing certain bacteria

Question 18

A patient with multiple sclerosis is found to have antibodies that attack myelin in the CNS. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Autoimmunity

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They engulf antigens and display fragments for T cells to recognize.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving a vaccine for measles

Chapter 21: The Immune System—Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses

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