$$ \text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3 \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + \text{HCO}_3^- $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the hepatic portal circulation in the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

It drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs and delivers it to the liver for processing.

Question 2

A patient with a hiatal hernia is most likely to experience which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Question 3

Which cell type in the stomach is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cells

Question 4

What is the primary function of the circular folds, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

To enhance nutrient absorption by increasing surface area.

Question 5

Which hormone stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 6

A deficiency in intrinsic factor leads to impaired absorption of which vitamin, resulting in which type of anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; pernicious anemia

Question 7

Which papillae on the tongue do NOT contain taste buds?

Accepted Answer

Filiform papillae

Question 8

Which enzyme present in saliva begins the chemical breakdown of food, and what type of food does it digest?

Accepted Answer

Amylase; carbohydrates

Question 9

If a drug inhibits parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract, what effect would this have on digestion?

Accepted Answer

Digestion would be slowed due to decreased secretion and motility.

Question 10

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of untreated gastritis?

Accepted Answer

Development of gastric ulcers, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.

Question 11

Which equation best represents the mechanism of hydrochloric acid secretion by parietal cells?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{CO}_2 + 	ext{H}_2	ext{O} ightarrow 	ext{H}_2	ext{CO}_3 ightarrow 	ext{H}^+ + 	ext{HCO}_3^- $$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of digestive enzymes into the duodenum

Question 13

Which structure attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

Accepted Answer

Mesentery

Question 14

Which process is primarily responsible for moving food distally along the GI tract?

Accepted Answer

Peristalsis

Question 15

Which hormone is released in response to acidic chyme in the duodenum and increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions?

Accepted Answer

Secretin

Question 16

Which of the following is a plausible cause of diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

Rapid movement of chyme through the intestine, reducing water absorption.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of normal bacterial microbiota in the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

They ferment undigested carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins B and K, and produce flatus.

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible effect of periodontal disease?

Accepted Answer

Reduced bone level and formation of pockets around teeth.

Question 19

Which equation best represents the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, stimulated by glucagon?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Glycogen} \xrightarrow{	ext{Glucagon}} 	ext{Glucose} $$

Chapter 23: The Digestive System – Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

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