Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Accepted Answer

The CNS is responsible for integrating and coordinating sensory processing and motor transmission, while the PNS serves as a communication connection between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Question 2

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury that damages the myelin sheaths in the CNS. Which type of neuroglial cell is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the sodium–potassium exchange pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

It pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ in, maintaining the resting membrane potential at $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}.$$

Question 4

During the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon, which process occurs?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory propagation, where the action potential jumps from node to node, increasing speed.

Question 5

A patient is unable to form new long-term memories after a head injury. Which brain structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Hippocampus

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the resting membrane potential of a neuron is negative?

Accepted Answer

The cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+, and negatively charged proteins remain inside the cell.

Question 7

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for carrying sensory information about smell directly to the cerebrum?

Accepted Answer

Olfactory nerve (I)

Question 8

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which type of reflex is this, and what is the main neural pathway involved?

Accepted Answer

Polysynaptic withdrawal reflex; involves interneurons in the spinal cord

Question 9

Which neurotransmitter is released at most postganglionic sympathetic synapses and what is its general effect?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine; usually excitatory

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

It relays and processes sensory information, filtering what reaches the primary sensory cortex.

Question 11

A patient presents with loss of balance and coordination after a stroke. Which brain region is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the blood–brain barrier

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the 'all-or-none' principle of action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Any stimulus that brings the membrane to threshold will result in an identical action potential.

Question 14

Which meningeal layer is highly vascularized and provides nutrients to the neural tissue of the brain?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 15

A patient has difficulty regulating body temperature, hunger, and emotional responses. Which brain structure is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials decrease with distance from the stimulus, while action potentials propagate without decreasing in strength.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct pathway for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the basal nuclei?

Accepted Answer

Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movements

Question 19

A patient is unable to recognize a familiar touch on their skin, even though their primary sensory cortex is intact. Which area is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Somatic sensory association area

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It is also known as the 'fight-or-flight' division and increases heart rate and blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Chapter 8: The Nervous System – Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드