Question 1

Which subatomic particle determines the atomic number of an element, and where is it located within the atom?

Accepted Answer

Proton; located in the nucleus

Question 2

A neutral atom of sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have?

Accepted Answer

11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons

Question 3

Which of the following best describes an isotope?

Accepted Answer

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Question 4

What is the main difference between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

A cation has lost electrons, while an anion has gained electrons

Question 5

Which of the following molecules is an isomer of glucose ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$)?

Accepted Answer

Fructose ($$C_6H_{12}O_6$)

Question 6

Which functional group is represented by the formula $$R-COOH$$ and is commonly found in amino acids and fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 4. What does this indicate about the concentration of hydrogen ions ($$H^+) $$compared to a solution with pH 7?

Accepted Answer

It has 1000 times more $$H^+$$ ions

Question 8

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 9

What is the primary biological importance of electrolytes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They help maintain fluid balance and enable nerve impulse transmission

Question 10

Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?

Accepted Answer

It contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Question 11

Which reaction type is responsible for breaking down a disaccharide into two monosaccharides by adding water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 12

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds and are usually liquid at room temperature

Question 13

Which type of bond connects amino acids in a protein's primary structure?

Accepted Answer

Peptide bond

Question 14

What is the main function of DNA in cells?

Accepted Answer

To serve as the genetic blueprint

Question 15

Which of the following best describes a buffer in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

A compound that stabilizes pH by absorbing or releasing $$H^+$$ ions

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct example of a synthesis (dehydration) reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11} + H_2O$

Question 17

Which level of protein structure is directly affected by a mutation that changes a single amino acid in the sequence?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why water is a good solvent for polar substances?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with polar substances

Question 19

Which of the following is a property of an exergonic reaction?

Accepted Answer

It releases more energy than it uses to overcome activation energy

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of chaperone proteins?

Accepted Answer

They assist in the proper folding of other proteins

Chemistry Basics for Anatomy & Physiology: Atoms, Molecules, and Biochemistry

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