Question 1

Which of the following best explains why infants are more vulnerable to dehydration than adults?

Accepted Answer

Infants have a higher percentage of body water and higher metabolic rates, leading to greater water loss relative to their body weight.

Question 2

A patient is admitted with severe burns and chronic vomiting. Which fluid disorder are they most at risk for developing?

Accepted Answer

Volume depletion (hypovolemia)

Question 3

Which of the following is the most immediate physiological response to increased blood osmolarity due to dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Stimulation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus

Question 4

Which electrolyte is most influential in regulating extracellular fluid volume and water distribution in the body?

Accepted Answer

Na\^+

Question 5

A marathon runner replaces lost fluids with only water after a race. Which condition is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic hydration (water intoxication)

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, reducing urine volume.

Question 7

Which acid-base disorder is most likely in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who retains CO$$_2$$?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis

Question 8

A patient presents with chronic diarrhea and a low blood pH. Which acid-base disorder are they most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 9

Which of the following mechanisms is the slowest but most powerful for correcting acid-base imbalances?

Accepted Answer

Renal control of pH

Question 10

If a person is exposed to cold, dry air and experiences increased respiratory water loss, what is the expected physiological response?

Accepted Answer

Vasoconstriction to conserve heat, increased blood pressure, decreased ADH secretion, and increased urine output

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the normal pH range of extracellular fluid (ECF) in the human body?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 to$$ $$7.45$$

Question 12

Which of the following is a major effect of aldosterone hypersecretion or renal failure on fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Volume excess (both Na\^+ and water retained)

Question 13

Which of the following is a major cation in the body that plays a role in determining cell membrane potentials?

Accepted Answer

K\^+

Question 14

A patient is found to have a blood pH of $$7.50$$ due to overuse of antacids. Which acid-base disorder does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 15

Which of the following is a short-term mechanism for inhibiting thirst after drinking water?

Accepted Answer

Cooling and moistening of the mouth

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the sequence of fluid movement during profuse sweating?

Accepted Answer

Blood volume and pressure drop, osmolarity rises, blood absorbs tissue fluid, fluid pulled from ICF

Question 17

Which of the following is a major anion in the body that helps buffer acids in the blood?

Accepted Answer

HCO$$_3^-$$

Question 18

A patient with hyperventilation due to anxiety is most likely to develop which acid-base disorder?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why water intoxication (hypotonic hydration) can cause cerebral edema?

Accepted Answer

Excess water dilutes extracellular Na\^+, causing water to move into cells by osmosis

Question 20

Which of the following is a long-term mechanism for inhibiting thirst?

Accepted Answer

Rehydration of blood, leading to decreased blood osmolarity

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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